Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Background, fundamental understanding and progress in electrochemical capacitors

  • Review
  • Published:
Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Supercapacitors means electrochemical capacitors are being considered these days to be a good alternative for the conventional power sources (fuel cells and batteries) in many applications because of their high power density, long cycle life and less charging and discharging time. This review article presents an overview of different types of supercapacitors (electrical double-layer capacitors (EDLCs), pseudocapacitors and hybrid supercapacitors. The device configurations (symmetric, asymmetric and hybrid), the mechanism of charge storing at the surface (ion adsorption for EDLCs and fast surface redox reactions for pseudocapacitors) and the effect of electrode material (activated carbon, carbon aerogels, carbon fabrics, carbide-derived carbons, carbon nanotubes (CNTs), graphene, biomass, etc. for EDLCs and conducting polymers and insertion type compounds for pseudocapacitors) and electrolytes are crucial. Electrolytes used in the supercapacitors also play important role to determine its operating voltage range, energy density, power density, etc. Both the classes of electrolytes, liquid electrolytes (aqueous, organic, ionic liquids) and solid electrolytes (polymer-based electrolytes) are also discussed in the last section of this review. The voltage range, energy density and power density ultimately define their use for different applications namely heavy electric vehicles and portable electronic devices.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Winter M, Brodd RJ (2004) Chem Rev 104:4245–4269

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Yang Z, Zhang J, Meyer MCWK, Lu X, Choi D, Lemmon JP, Liu J (2011) Chem Rev 111:3577–3613

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Arepalli S, Fireman HR, Moloney PG, Huffman CB, Nikolaev P, Yowell L, Higgins CD, Turano SP, Kim K, Kohl PA, Ready WJ (2005) JOM 57:26–31

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Conway BE (1999) Electrochemical supercapacitors: scientific fundamentals and technological applications. Kluwer Academic, New York

    Book  Google Scholar 

  5. Hashmi SA (2004) Natl Acad Sci Lett 27:27–46

    Google Scholar 

  6. Pell WG, Conway BE (2004) J Power Sources 136:334

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Kusko A, Dedad (2007) J IEEE Ind Appl Mag 13:66–72

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Uzunoglu M, Alam MS (2008) IEEE Trans Energy Convers 23:263–272

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Rudge A, Davey J, Raistrick I, Gottesfeld S, Ferrais JP (1994) J Power Sources 47:89–107

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Prasad KR, Munichandraiah N (2002) J Power Sources 112:443–451

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Chen W, Rakhi RB, Alshareef HN (2013) J Mater Chem A 1:3315–3324

  12. Park HW, Kim T, Huh J, Kang M, Lee JE, Yoon H (2012) ACS Nano 6:7624–7633

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Chen W, Rakhi RB, Alshareef HN (2013) J Phys Chem C 117:15009–15019

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Snook GA, Peng C, Fray DJ, Chen GZ (2007) Electrochem Commun 9:83–88

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Zhao J, Wu J, Li B, Du W, Huang Q, Zheng M, Xue H, Pang H (2016) Prog Nat Sci Mater Int 26:237–242

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Oliveira HP, Sydlik SA, Swager TM (2013) J Phys Chem C 117:10270–10276

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Bose S, Kim NH, Kuila T, Lau KT, Lee JH (2011) Nanotechnology 22:295202 (9pp)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Sharma RK, Rastogi AC, Desu SB (2008) Electrochim Acta 53:7690–7695

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Peng C, Zhang SW, Jewell D, Chen GZ (2008) Prog Nat Sci 18:777–788

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Hong JI, Yeo IH, Paik WK (2001) J Electrochem Soc 148:A156–A163

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Chen WC, Wen TC (2003) J Power Sources 117:273–282

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Jang JH, Han S, Hyeon T, Oh SM (2003) J Power Sources 123:79–85

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Qin X, Durbach S, Wu GT (2004) Carbon 42:451–453

  24. Hashmi SA, Latham RJ, Linford RG, Schlindwein WS (1997) Ionics 3:177–183

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Arbizzani C, Mawragostino M, Menechello L (1995) Electrochim Acta 40:2223–2228

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Sivaraman P, Thakur A, Kushwaha RK, Ratna D, Samui AB (2006) Electrochem Solid State Lett 9:A435–A438

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Zheng JP (1999) Electrochem Solid State Lett 2:359–361

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Conway BE, Birss V, Wojtowicz J (1997) J Power Sources 66:1–14

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Kumar A, Sanger A, Kumar A, Chandra R (2017) Int J Hydrog Energy 42:6080–6087

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Lin C, Ritter JA, Popov BN (1998) J Electrochem Soc 145:4097–4103

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Sugimoto W, Ohnuma T, Murakami Y, Takasu Y (2001) Electrochem Solid Stat Lett 4:A145–A147

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Lee HY, Goodenough JB (1999) J Solid State Chem 148:81–84

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Wang X, Wang X, Huang W, Sebastian PJ, Gamboa S (2005) J Power Sources 140:211–215

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Kumar A, Sanger A, Kumar A, Chandra R (2016) Electrochim Acta 220:712–720

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Kumar A, Sanger A, Kumar A, Mishra YK, Chandra R (2016) Chem Select 1:3885–3891

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Kumar A, Sanger A, Kumar A, Mishra YK, Chandra R (2016) Electrochim Acta 222:1761–1769

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Min CK, Wu TB, Yang WT, Li CL (2009) Mater Chem Phys 117:70–73

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Park BO, Lokhande CD, Park HS, Jung KD, Joo OS (2004) Mater Chem Phys 86:239–242

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Wang YG, Wang ZD, Xia YY (2005) Electrochim Acta 50:5641–5646

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Hu CC, Wang CC, Chang KH (2007) Electrochim Acta 52:2691–2700

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Zhao Y, Zhang G, Li HL (2006) Solid State Ionics 177:1335–1339

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Dandekar MS, Arabale G, Vijayamohanan K (2005) J Power Sources 141:198–203

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Kim HK, Choi SH, Yoon YS, Chang SY, Ok YW, Seong TY (2005) Thin Solid Films 475:54–57

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Patil UM, Salunkhe RR, Gurav KV, Lokhande CD (2008) Appl Surf Sci 255:2603–2607

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Kulkarni SB, Jamadade VS, Dhawale DS, Lokhande CD (2009) Appl Surf Sci 255:8390–8394

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Fan Z, Chen J, Cui K, Sun F, Xu Y, Kuang Y (2007) Electrochim Acta 52:2959–2965

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Liu H, He P, Li Z, Liu Y, Li J (2006) Electrochim Acta 51:1925–1931

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Luo JM, Gao B, Zhang XG (2008) Mater Res Bull 43:1119–11125

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Liu XM, Zhang XG (2004) Electrochim Acta 49:229–232

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Ahn YR, Park CR, Jo SM, Kim DY (2007) Appl Phys Lett 90:122106–122108

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Gupta V, Kusahara T, Toyama H, Gupta S, Miura N (2007) Electrochem Commun 9:2315–2319

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Gao Y, Chen S, Cao D, Wang G, Yin J (2010) J Power Sources 195:1757–1760

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Prasad KR, Miura N (2004) Electrochem Commun 6:1004–1008

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Tao F, Shen Y, Liang Y, Li H (2007) J Solid State Electrochem 11:853–858

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Cottineau T, Toupin M, Delahaye T, Brousse T, Belanger D (2006) Appl Phys 82:599–606

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Chen L, Lai Q, Hao Y, Zhao Y, Ji X (2009) J Alloys Compd 467:465–471

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Nagrajan N, Zhitomirsky I (2006) J Appl Electrochem 36:1399–1405

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Du X, Wang C, Chen M, Jiao Y, Wang J (2009) J Phys Chem C 113:2643–2646

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Gao F, Zhang L, Huang S (2010) Mater Lett 64:537–540

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Rajeswari J, Kishore PS, Viswanathan B, Varadarajan TK (2009) Electrochem Commun 11:572–575

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Gujar TP, Shinde VR, Lokhande CD, Han SH (2006) J Power Sources 161:1479–1485

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Lokhande CD, Gujar TP, Shinde VR, Mane RS, Han SH (2007) Electrochem Commun 9:1805–1809

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Dubal DP, Dhawale DS, Salunkhe RR, Jamdade VS, Lokhande CD (2010) J Alloys Compd 492:26–30

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Kalakodimi RP, Kazumichi K, Miura N (2004) Chem Mater 16:1845–1847

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Grupioni AAF, Prashiro E, Lassali TAF (2002) Electrochim Acta 48:407–418

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Ammundsen B, Desilvestro J, Groutso T, Hassell D, Metson J, Regan E, Steiner R, Pickering P (2000) J Electrochem Soc 147:4078–4082

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Pang SC, Anderson MA, Chapman TW (2000) J Electrochem Soc 147:444–450

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Toupin M, Brousse T, Belanger D (2002) Chem Mater 14:3946–3952

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Hu CC, Tsou TW (2002) Electrochem Commun 4:105–109

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Subramanian V, Zhu H, Vajtai R, Ajayan PM, Wei B (2005) J Phys Chem B 109:20207–20214

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Broughton JN, Brett MJ (2004) Electrochim Acta 49:4439–4446

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Li X, Li W, Chen X, Shi C (2006) J Cryst Growth 297:387–389

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Cao L, Xu F, Liang YY, Li HL (2004) Adv Mater 20:1853–1857

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Liu EH, Li W, Li J, Meng XY, Ding R, Tan ST (2009) Mater Res Bull 44:1122–1126

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Yoo HN, Park DH, Hwang SJ (2008) J Power Sources 185:1374–1379

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Helmholtz HV (1853) Ann Phys (Leipzig) 89:353–377

    Article  Google Scholar 

  77. Zhang LL, Zhao XS (2009) Chem Soc Rev 38:2520–2531

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Gu HB, Kim JU, Song HW, Park GC, Park BK (2000) Electrochim. Acta 45:1533–1536

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Staiti P, Minutoli M, Lufrano F (2002) Electrochim Acta 47:2795–2800

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. Frackowiak E, Abbas Q, B’eguin F (2013) J Energy Chem 22:226–240

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Gouy G (1910) J Phys 4:457–468

    Google Scholar 

  82. Chapman DL (1913) Philos Mag 6:475–481

    Article  Google Scholar 

  83. Stern OZ (1924) Elektrochem 30:508–508

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. Marsh H, Reinoso FR (2006) Activated carbon. Elsevier Science & Technology Books

  85. Abioye AM, Ani FN (2015) Renew Sust Energ Rev 52:1282–1293

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Gao Z, Zhang Y, Song N, Li X (2017) Mater Res Lett 5:69–88

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. Hatori H, Yamada Y, Shiraishi M (1991) Carbon 30:303–304

    Article  Google Scholar 

  88. Edwards CJC, Hitchen DA, Sharples M (1988) US Patent 4775655

  89. Pekala RW, Alviso CT, LeMay JD (1990) J Non-Cryst Solids 125:67–75

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. Shi H (1996) Electrochim Acta 41:1633–1639

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. Qu D, Shi H (1998) J Power Sources 74:99–107

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. E. Frackowiak, (2001) F Beguin. Carbon 39:937–950

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  93. Nagakawa H, Shudo A, Miura K (2000) J Electrochem Soc 147:38–42

    Article  Google Scholar 

  94. Portet C, Taberna PL, Simon P, Flahaut E, Robert CL (1998) J Power Sources 74:122–135

    Article  Google Scholar 

  95. Wu FC, Tseng RL, Hu CC, Wang CC (2005) J Power Sources 144:302–309

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  96. Fuertes AB, Lota G, Centeno TA, Frackowiak E (2005) Electrochim Acta 50:2799–2805

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  97. Tanahashi I, Yoshida A, Nishino A (1990) Bull Chem Soc Jpn 63:3611–3614

  98. Guo Y, Qi J, Jiang Y, Yang S, Yang Z, Xu H (2003) Mater Chem Phys 80:704–709

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  99. Li W, Probstle H, Fricke J (2003) J Non-Cryst Solids 325:1–5

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  100. Wu NL, Wang SY (2002) J Power Sources 110:233–236

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  101. Nian YR, Teng H (2002) J Electrochem Soc 149:A1008–A1014

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  102. Yang H, Yoshio M, Ison K, Kuramoto R (2002) Electrochem Solid State Lett 5:A141–A144

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  103. Shiraishi S, Kurihra H, Shi L, Nakyama T, Oya A (2002) J Electrochem Soc 149:A855–A861

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  104. Wada H, Nohara S, Furukawa N, Inoue H, Sugoh N, Iwasaki H, Morita M, Iwakura C (2004) Electrochim Acta 49:4871–4875

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  105. Tien CP, Liang WJ, Kuo PL, Teng HS (2008) Electrochim Acta 53:4505–4511

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  106. Chandrasekaran R, Soneda Y, Yamashita J, Kodama M, Hatori H (2008) J Solid State Electrochem 12:1349–1355

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  107. Diederich L, Barborini E, Piseri P, Podestà A, Milani P, Schneuwly A, Gallay R (1999) Appl Phys Lett 75:2662–2664

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  108. Taberna PL, Simon P, Fauvarque JF (2003) J Electrochem Soc 150:A292–A300

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  109. Kimizuka O, Tanaike O, Yamashita J, Hiraoka T, Futaba DN, Hata K, Machida K, Suematsu S, Tamamitsu K, Saeki S, Yamada Y, Hatori H (2008) Carbon 46:1999–2001

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  110. Wang G, Shao Z, Yu Z (2007) Nanotechnology 18:205705–205711

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  111. Ania CO, Khomenko V, Piñero ER, Parra JB, Béguin F (2007) Adv Funct Mater 17:1828–1836

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  112. Pietrzak R, Jurewicz K, Nowicki P, Babeł K, Wachowska H (2007) Fuel 86:1086–1092

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  113. Li HQ, Luo JY, Zhou XF, Yu CZ, Xia YY (2007) J Electrochem Soc 154:A731–A736

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  114. Arulepp M, Leis J, Latt M, Miller F, Rumma K, Lust E, Burke AF (2006) J Power Sources 162:1460–1466

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  115. Gallegos AKC, Rinc’on ME (2006) J Power Sources 162:743–747

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  116. Lu W, Henry K, Turchi C, Pellegrino J (2008) J Electrochem Soc 155:A361–A367

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  117. Lewandowski A, Galinski M (2004) J Phys Chem Solids 65:281–286

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  118. Yuyama K, Masuda G, Yoshida H, Sato T (2006) J Power Sources 162:1401–1408

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  119. Frackowiak E, Lota G, Pernak J (2005) J Appl Phys Lett 86:164104-1–164104-3

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  120. Lazzari M, Soavi F, Mastragostino M (2008) J Power Sources 178:490–496

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  121. Largeot C, Portet C, Chmiola J, Taberna PL, Gogotsi Y, Simon P (2008) J Am Chem Soc 130:2730–2371

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  122. Ue M, Takeda M, Takahashi T, Takehara M (2002) Electrochem Solid State Lett 5:A119–A121

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  123. Ue M, Takeda M, Toriumi A, Kominato A, Hagiwara R, Ito Y (2003) J Electrochem Soc 150:A499–A502

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  124. McEwen AB, McDevitt SF, Koch VR (1997) J Electrochem Soc 144:L84–L86

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  125. Balducci A, Dugas R, Taberna PL, Simon P, Plee D, Mastragostino M, Passerini S (2007) J Power Sources 165:922–927

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  126. Katakabe T, Kaneko T, Watanabe M, Fukushima T, Aida T (2005) J Electrochem Soc 152:A1913–A1916

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  127. Liu H, He P, Li Z, Liu Y, Li J, Zheng L, Li J (2005) Electrochem Solid State Lett 8:J17–J19

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  128. Lewandowski A, Swiderska A (2003) Solid State Ionics 161:243–249

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  129. Lavall RL, Borges RS, Calado HDR, Welter C, Trigueiro JPC, Rieumont J, Neves BRA, Silva GG (2008) J Power Sources 177:652–659

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  130. Lewandowski A, Zajder M, Frackowiak E, Beguin F (2001) Electrochim Acta 46:2777–2780

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  131. Pernaut JM, Goulart G (1995) J Power Sources 55:93–96

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  132. Ishikawa M, Morita M, Ihara M, Matsuda Y (1994) J Electrochem Soc 141:1730–1734

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  133. Mitra S, Sampath S (2004) Electrochem Solid-State Lett 7:A264–A268

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  134. Lewandowski A, Swiderska A (2006) Appl Phys A Mater Sci Process 82:579–584

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  135. Lassegues JC, Grondin J, Becker T, Servant L, Hernandez M (1995) Solid State Ionics 77:311–317

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  136. Ishikawa M, Morita M, Ihara M, Matsuda Y (1995) Electrochim Acta 40:2217–2222

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  137. Hashmi SA, Latham RJ, Linford RG, Schlindwein WS (1997) J Chem Soc Faraday Trans 93:4177–4182

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  138. Osaka T, Liu X, Nojima M, Momma T (1999) J Electrochem Soc 146:1724–1729

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  139. Osaka T, Liu X, Nojima M (1998) J Power Sources 74:122–128

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  140. Matsuda A, Honjo H, Tatsumisago M, Minami T (1998) Solid State Ionics 113:97–102

    Article  Google Scholar 

  141. Matsuda Y, Inone K, Takeuchi H, Okuhama Y (1998) Solid State Ionics 113:103–107

    Article  Google Scholar 

  142. Yang CC, Hsu ST, Chien WC (2005) J Power Sources 152:303–310

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  143. Hashmi SA, Kumar A, Tripathi SK (2007) J Phys D Appl Phys 40:6527–6534

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  144. Furtado CA, de Souza PP, Silva GG, Matencio T, Pernaut JM (2001) Electrochim Acta 46:1629–1634

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  145. Wada H, Yoshikawa K, Nohara S, Furukawa N, Inoue H, Sugoh N, Iwasaki H, Iwakura C (2006) J Power Source 159:1464–1467

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  146. Baughman RH, Zakhidov AA, Heer WAD (2002) Science 297:787–792

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  147. Lin C, Ritter JA (1997) Carbon 35:1271–1278

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  148. Zanto EJ, Ritter JA, Popov BN (1999) Proc—Electrochem Soc 98–106:71–81

    Google Scholar 

  149. Diederich L, Barborini E, Piseri P, Podesta A, Milani P (1999) Appl Phys Lett 75:2662–2664

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  150. Chu X, Kinoshita K (1996) Proc—Electrochem Soc (95–29):235–245

  151. Chmiola J, Yushin G, Gogotsi Y, Portet C, Simon P, Taberna PL (2006) Science 313:1760–1762

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  152. Popov VN (2004) Mater Sci Eng Rep 43:61–102

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  153. Sebastien W, Giorgia W, Monica P, Cedric B, Jean-Paul K, Renato B (2005) Angew Chem 117:6516–6520

    Article  Google Scholar 

  154. Barroug A, Glimcher MJ (2002) Orthop Res 20:274–280

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  155. Pai P, Nair K, Jamade S, Shah R, Ekshinge V, Jadhav N (2006) Curr Pharma Res J 1:11–15

    Google Scholar 

  156. Zha J, He H, Liu T, Li S, Jiao Q (2011) Spectrosc Spectr Anal 31:149–153

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  157. Su C, Zhou N, Guo P, Xu L (2018) J Nanosci Nanotechnol 18:1811–1817

  158. Byrne MT, Gun’ko YK (2010) Adv Mater 22:1672–1688

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  159. Afzal A, Abuilaiwi FA, Habib A, Awais M, Waje SB, Atieh MA (2017) J Power Sources 352:174–186

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  160. Pumera M (2009) Chem Eur J 15:4970–4978

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  161. Ghosh A, Lee YH (2012) ChemSusChem 5:480–499

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  162. Bethune DS, Kiang CH, Vires MSD, Gorman G, Savoy R, Vazquez J, Beyers R (1993) Nature 363:605–607

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  163. Lin YH, Wei TY, Chien HC, Lu SY (2011) Adv Energy Mater 1:901–907

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  164. Thess A, Lee R, Nikolaev P, Dai H, Petit P, Robert J, Xu C, Lee YH, Kim SG, Rinzler G, AG CDT, Scuseria GE, Tomanek D, Fischer JE, Smalley RE (1996) Science 273:483–487

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  165. Yacaman MJ, Yoshida MM, Rendon L, Santiesteban JG (1993) Appl Phys Lett 62:202–204

    Article  Google Scholar 

  166. Dai H, Rinzler AG, Nikolaev P, Thess A, Colbert DT, Smalley RE (1996) Chem Phys Lett 260:471–475

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  167. Niu C, Sichel EK, Hoch R, Moy D, Tennent H (1997) Appl Phys Lett 70:1480–1482

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  168. Liu CY, Bard AJ, Wudl F, Weitz I, Heath JR (1999) Electrochem Solid State Lett 2:577–578

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  169. Li CS, Wang DZ, Liang TX, Li GT, Wang XF, Cao MS, Liang J (2003) Sci China Ser E Technol Sci 46:349–354

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  170. Frackowiak E, Delpeux S, Jurewicz K, Szostak K, Cazorla-Amoros D, Beguin F (2002) Chem Phys Lett 361:35–41

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  171. Frackowiak E, Metenier K, Bertagna V, Beguin F (2000) Appl Phys Lett 77:2421–2423

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  172. Lee JY, An KH, Heo JK, Lee YH (2003) J Phys Chem B 107:8812–8815

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  173. Yoon BJ, Jeong SH, Lee KH, Kim HS, Park CG, Han JH (2004) Chem Phys Lett 388:170–174

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  174. Frackowiak E, Jurewicz K, Depleux S, Beguin F (2001) J Power Source 97-98:822–825

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  175. Sun Y, Wilson SR, Schuster DI (2001) J Am Chem Soc 123:5348–5349

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  176. Jurewicz K, Delpeux S, Bertagna V, Beguin F, Frackowiak E (2001) Chem Phys Lett 347:36–40

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  177. An KH, Jeon KK, Heo JK, Lim SC, Bae DJ, Lee YH (2002) J Electrochem Soc 149:A1058–A1062

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  178. Hughes M, Chen GZ, Shaffer MSP, Fray DJ, Windle AH (2002) Chem Mater 14:1610–1613

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  179. Hughes M, Shaffer MSP, Renouf AC, Singh C, Chen GZ, Fray DJ, Windle AH (2002) Adv Mater 14:382–385

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  180. Xiao Q, Zhou X (2003) Electrochim Acta 48:575–580

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  181. Lota K, Khomenko V, Frackowiak E (2004) J Phys Chem Solids 65:295–301

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  182. Zhou Y, He B, Zhou W, Li H (2004) J Electrochem Soc 151:A1052–A1057

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  183. An KH, Kim WS, Park YS, Moon JM, Bae DJ, Lim SC, Lee YS, Lee YH (2001) Adv Funct Mater 11:387–392

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  184. Liu T, Sreekumar TV, Kumar S, Hauge RH, Smalley RE (2003) Carbon 41:2440–2442

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  185. Pei S, Cheng HM (2012) Carbon 50:3210–3228

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  186. Aboutalebi SH, Chidembo AT, Salari M, Konstantinov K, Wexler D, Liu HK, Dou SX (2011) Energy Environ Sci 4:1855–1865

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  187. Xu B, Yue S, Sui Z, Zhang X, Hou S, Cao G, Yang Y (2011) Energy Environ Sci 4:2826–2830

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  188. Wang Y, Shi Z, Huang Y, Ma Y, Wang C, Chen M, Chen Y (2009) J Phys Chem C 113:13103–13107

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  189. Zhang LL, Zhou R, Zhao XS (2010) J Mater Chem 20:5983–5992

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  190. Park S, An J, Potts JR, Velamakannia A, Murali S, Ruoff RS (2011) Carbon 49:3019–3023

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  191. Zhang Y, Li D, Tan X, Zhang B, Ruan X, Liu H, Pan C, Liao L, Zhai T, Bando Y, Chen S, Cai W, Ruoff RS (2013) Carbon 54:143–148

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  192. Zaaba NI, Foo KL, Hashim U, Tan SJ, Liu WW, Voon CH (2017) Procedia Eng 184:469–477

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  193. Rattana, Chaiyakun S, Witit-anun N, Nuntawong N, Chindaudom P, Oaew S, Kedkeaw C, Limsuwan P (2012) Procedia Eng 32:759–764

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  194. Silva KKHDS, Huang HH, Yoshimura M (2018) Appl Surf Sci 447:338–346

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  195. Soldano C, Mahmood A, Dujardin E (2010) Carbon 48:2127–2150

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  196. Hayes WI, Joseph P, Mughal MZ, Papakonstantinou P (2015) J Solid State Electrochem 19:361–381

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  197. Shao Y, Wang J, Engelhard M, Wang C, Lin Y (2010) J Mater Chem 20:743–748

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  198. Pumera M (2010) Chem Soc Rev 39:4146–4157

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  199. Sheng K, Sun Y, Li C, Yuan W, Shi G (2012) Sci Rep. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep002475

  200. Nabais JMV, Teixeira JG, Almeida I (2011) Bioresour Technol 102:2781–2787

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  201. Nabaiss JV, Carrott P, Carrott MMLR, Luz V, Ortiz AL (2008) Bioresour Technol 99:7224–7231

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  202. Aworn A, Thiravetyan P, Nakbanpote W (2008) J Anal Appl Pyrolysis 82:279–285

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  203. Nabais JMV, Nunes P, Carrott PJM, Carrott MMLR, García AM, Daiz-Díez MA (2008) Fuel Process Technol 89:262–268

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  204. Taer E, Deraman M, Talib IA, Awitdrus A, Hashmi SA, Umar AA (2011) Int J Electrochem Sci 6:3301–3315

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  205. Kilpimaa S, Runtti H, Kangas T, Lassi U, Kuokkanen T (2015) J Ind Eng Chem 21:1354–1364

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  206. Karthikeyan K, Amaresh S, Lee SN, Sun X, Aravindan V, Lee YG, Lee YS (2014) ChemSusChem 7:1435–1442

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  207. Huang W, Zhang H, Huang Y, Wang W, Wei S (2011) Carbon 49:838–843

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  208. Wang K, Zhao N, Lei S, Yan R, Tian X, Wang J, Song Y, Xu D, Guo Q, Liu L (2015) Electrochim Acta 166:1–11

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  209. Wang R, Wang P, Yan X, Lang J, Peng C, Xue Q (2012) ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 4:5800–5806

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  210. Peng C, Yan X-B, Wang R-T, Lang J-W, Ou Y-J, Xue Q-J (2013) Electrochim Acta 87:401–408

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  211. Li X, Xing W, Zhuo S, Zhou J, Li F, Qiao SZ, Lu GQ (2011) Bioresour Technol 102(1118):1123

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  212. Jiang L, Yan J, Hao L, Xue R, Sun G, Yi B (2013) Carbon 56:146–154

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  213. Bhattacharjya D, Yu JS (2014) J Power Sources 262:224–231

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  214. Hou J, Cao C, Idrees F, Ma X (2015) ACS Nano 9:2556–2564

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  215. Qian W, Sun F, Xu Y, Qiu L, Liu C, Wang S, Yan F (2014) Energy Environ Sci 7:379–386

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  216. Feng H, Zheng M, Dong H, Xiao Y, Hu H, Sun Z, Long C, Cai Y, Zhao X, Zhang H, Lei B, Liu Y (2015) J Mater Chem A 3:15225–15234

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  217. Wei L, Sevilla M, Fuertes AB, Mokaya R, Yushin G (2011) Adv Energy Mater 1:356–361

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  218. Elmouwahidi A, Zapata-Benabithe Z, Carrasco-Marin F, Moreno-Castilla C (2012) Bioresour Technol 111:185–190

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  219. Rawal S, Joshi B, Kumar Y (2018) J Energy Storage 20:418–426

    Article  Google Scholar 

  220. Farma R, Deraman M, Awitdrus A, Talib IA, Taer E, Basri NH, Manjunatha JM, Ishak MM, Dollah BNM, Hashmi SA (2013) Bioresour Technol 132:254–261

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  221. Rufford TE, Jurcakova DH, Zhu Z, Lu GQ (2008) Electrochem Commun 10:1594–1597

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  222. Kyotani T, Ma Z, Tomita A (2003) Carbon 41:1451–1459

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  223. Juan Y, Ke-qiang Q (2009) Environ Sci Technol 43:3385–3390

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  224. Hayashi J, Kazehaya A, Muroyama K, Watkinson AP (2000) Carbon 38:1873–1878

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  225. Zhao S, Li C, Wang W, Zhang H, Gao M, Xiong X, Wang A, Yuan K, Huang Y, Wang F (2013) J Mater Chem A 1:3334–3339

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  226. Wu X, Jiang L, Long C, Fan Z-J (2015) Nano Energy 13:527–536

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  227. Li X, Han C, Chen X, Shi C (2010) Microporous Mesoporous Mater 131:303–309

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  228. Qu W-H, Xu Y-Y, Lu A-H, Zhang X-Q, Li W-C (2015) Bioresour Technol 189:285–291

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  229. Zhu H, Wang X, Yang F, Yang X (2011) Adv Mater 23:2745–2748

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  230. Wang H, Li Z, Mitlin D (2014) ChemElectroChem 1:332–337

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  231. Liang Q, Ye L, Huang Z-H, Xu Q, Bai Y, Kang F, Yang Q-H (2014) Nanoscale 6:13831–13837

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  232. Xu B, Hou S, Cao G, Wu F, Yang Y (2012) J Mater Chem 22:19088–19093

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  233. Beguin F, Frackowiak (2013) Supercapacitors: materials, systems and applications. WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA

  234. Pandolfo AG, Hollenkamp AF (2006) J Power Sources 157:11–27

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  235. Wang KQ, Yan J, Wang Y, Ning G, Fana Z, Wei T, Cheng J, Zhang M, Jing X (2013) Carbon 52:209–218

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  236. Raymundo-Piñero E, Azaïs P, Cacciaguerra T, Cazorla-Amor’os D, Linares-Solano A, B’eguin F (2005) Carbon 43:786–795

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  237. Laforgue A, Simon P, Sarrazin C, Fauvarque JF (1999) J Power Sources 80:142–148

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  238. Evans D (1994) US patent 5369547

  239. Naoi K, Simon P (2008) The electrochemical society interface. Spring:34–37

  240. Amatucci GG, Badway F, Pasquier AD, Zheng T (2001) J Electrochem Soc 148:A930–A939

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  241. Plitz I, Pasquier AD, Badway F, Gural J, Pereira N, Gmitter A, Amatucci GG (2006) Appl Phys A 82:615–626

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  242. Aricò AS, Bruce P, Scrosati B, Tarascon JM, Schalkwijk WV (2005) Nat Mater 4:366–377

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  243. Wang G, Zhang L, Zhang (2012) J Chem Soc Rev 41:797–828

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  244. Krause A, Balducci A (2011) Electrochem Commun 13:814–817

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  245. Galinski M, Lewandowski A, Stepniak I (2006) Electrochim Acta 51:5567–5580

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  246. Carche J, Dyer CK, Moseley PT, Ogumi Z, Rand DAJ, Scrosati B (2009) Encyclopedia of electrochemical power sources. Elsevier BV

  247. Lewandowski A, Galin’ski M (2004) J Phys Chem Solids 64:281–286

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  248. Niu J, Pell WG, Conway BE (2006) J Power Sources 156:725–740

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  249. MacCallum JR (1987-1989) In: Vincent CA (ed) Polymer electrolyte reviews, vol 1 & 2. Elsevier, London

    Google Scholar 

  250. Pandey GP, Kumar Y, Hashmi SA (2010) Indian J Chem 49A:743–751

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  251. Groce F, Gerace F, Dautzemberg G, Passerini S, Appetecchi GB, Scrosati B (2004) Electrochim Acta 39:2187–2194

    Article  Google Scholar 

  252. Michot T, Nishimoto A, Watanabe M (2000) Electrochim Acta 45:1347–1360

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  253. Stephan AM (2006) Eur Polym J 42:21–42

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  254. Agrawal RC, Pandey GP (2008) J Phys D Appl Phys 41:223001–223018

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  255. Jiang J, Gao D, Li Z, Su G (2006) React Funct Polym 66:1141–1148

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  256. Capiglia C, Saito Y, Kataoka H, Kodama T, Quartarone E, Mustarelli P (2000) Solid State Ionics 131:291–299

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  257. Lalia BS, Yoshimoto N, Egashira M, Morita M (2009) J Power Sources 194:531–535

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  258. Sato T, Banno K, Maruo T, Nozu R (2005) J Power Sources 152:264–271

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  259. Pandey GP, Hashmi SA (2009) J Power Sources 187:627–634

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  260. Sirisopanaporni C, Fernicola A, Scrosati B (2009) J Power Sources 186:490–495

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  261. Berthier C, Gorecki W, Minier M, Armand MB, Chabagno JM, Rigand P (1983) Solid State Ion 11:91–95

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  262. Gadjourova Z, Andreev YG, Tunstall DP, Bruce PG (2001) Nature 412:520–523

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  263. MacCallum JR (1987–1989) In: Vincent CA (ed) Polymer electrolyte reviews—1 & 2. Elsevier Applied Science, London

    Google Scholar 

  264. Gray FM (1991) Solid polymer electrolytes: fundamental and technological applications. VCH Publishers, New York

    Google Scholar 

  265. Gray FM (1997) Polymer electrolytes. Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge

    Google Scholar 

  266. Alamgir M, Abraham KM (1994) In: Pistoia G (ed) Lithium batteries: new materials, developments and perspectives. Elsevier, Amsterdam

    Google Scholar 

  267. Fenton DE, Parker JM, Wright PV (1973) Polymer 14:589

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  268. Scrosati B, Vincent CA (2000) MRS Bull 25:28–30

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  269. Jacob MME, Hackett E, Giannelis EP (2003) J Mater Chem 13:1–5

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  270. Armand MB (1990) Adv Mater 2:278–288

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  271. Angell CA, Xu K, Zhang SS, Videa M (1996) Solid State Ionics 86-88:17–28

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  272. Polak AJ (1989) In: Margolis JM (ed) Conducting polymers and plastics. Chapman and Hall, London

    Google Scholar 

  273. Ivory DM, Miller GG, Sowa JM, Schacklette LW, Chance RR, Boughman RH (1979) J Chem Phys 71:1506–1507

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  274. Hardy LC, Shriver DF (1986) J Am Chem Soc 108:2887–2893

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  275. Feuillade G, Perche P (1975) J Appl Electrochem 5:63–69

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  276. Chintapalli S, Frech R (1996) Solid State Ionics 86-88:341–346

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  277. Tsuchida E, Ohno H, Tsunemi K (1983) Electrochim Acta 28:591–595

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  278. Mohamed NS, Arof AK (2004) J Power Sources 132:229–234

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  279. Watanabe M, Kanba M, Nagaoka K, Shinohara I (1982) J Appl Polym Sci 27:4191–4198

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  280. Wang Z, Huang B, Huang H, Xue R, Chen L, Chen FA (1996) J Electrochem Soc 143:1510–1514

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  281. Appetecchi GB, Croce F, Scrosati B (1995) Electrochim Acta 40:991–997

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  282. Kumar D, Hashmi SA (2010) J Power Source 195:5101–5108

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  283. Selvakumar M, Bhat DK (2008) J Appl Polym Sci 110:594–602

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  284. Saika D, Kumar A (2004) Electrochim Acta 49:2581–2589

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  285. Domine LA (1994) In: Pistoia G (ed) Lithium batteries—new materials, developments and perspectives. Elsevier, p 114

  286. North JM (1998) European Patent No. EP0279554 A2

  287. Rhee HW, Jung WI, Song MK, Oh SY, Choi JW (1997) Mol Cryst Liq Cryst Sci Technol Sect A 294:225–228

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  288. Ballard DGH, Cheshire P, Mann TS, Przeworksi JE (1990) Macromolecules 23:1256–1264

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  289. Morita M, Fukumas T, Motoda M, Tsutsumi H, Matsuda Y, Takahashi T, Ashitaka H (1990) J Electrochem Soc 137:3401–3404

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  290. Xia DW, Solltz D, Smid J (1984) Solid State Ionics 14:221–224

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  291. DuPasquier A, Sarrazin C, Andrien X, Fauvarque JF (1997) Lithium polymer batteries. In: Broadhead J, Scrosati B (eds) Proc. Vol. 96/17. The Electrochemical Society

  292. Croce F, Gerace F, Dautzeberg G, Passerini S, Appetecchi GB, Scrosati B (1994) Electrochim Acta 39:2187–2194

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  293. Tarascon JM, Gozdz AS, Schmutz CN, Shokoohi F, Warren PC (1996) Solid State Ionics 86-88:49–54

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  294. Ohno H (2005) Electrochemical aspects of ionic liquids. Wiley, New Jersey

    Book  Google Scholar 

  295. Egashira M, Todo H, Yoshimoto N, Morita M (2008) J Power Sources 178:729–735

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  296. Wei D, Wakeham SJ, Ng TW, Thwaites MJ, Brown H, Beecher P (2009) Electrochem Commun 11:2285–2287

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  297. Sekhon SS, Lalia BS, Park JS, Kim CS, Yamada K (2006) J Mater Chem 16:2256–2265

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  298. Weston JE, Steele BCH (1982) Solid State Ionics 7:75–79

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  299. Croce F, Appetecchi GB, Persi L, Scrosati B (1998) Nature 394:456–458

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  300. Alarco PJ, Lebdeh YA, Abouimrane A, Armand M (2004) Nat Mater 3:476–481

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  301. Fan LZ, Wang XL, Long F (2009) J Power Sources 189:775–778

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  302. Fan LZ, Maier J (2006) Electrochem Commun 8:1753–1756

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  303. Das S, Prathapa SJ, Menezes PV, Row TNG, Bhattacharyya AJ (2009) J Phys Chem B 113:5025–5031

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  304. Patel M, Menezes PV, Bhattacharyya AJ (2010) J Phys Chem B 114:5233–5240

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  305. Fan LZ, Hu YS, Bhattacharyya AJ, Maier (2007) J Adv Funct Mater 17:2800–2807

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  306. Huang J, Hill A, Forsyth M, MacFarlane D, Hollenkamp A (2006) Solid State Ionics 177:2569–2573

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  307. Long S, MacFarlane DR, Forsyth M (2004) Solid State Ionics 175:733–738

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  308. Eijck LV, Best AS, Long S, Alonso FF, MacFarlane D, Forsyth M, Kearley GJ (2009) J Phys Chem C 113:15007–15013

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  309. Timmermans J (1961) J Phys Chem Solids 18:1–8

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  310. Derollez P, Lefebvre J, Descamps M, Press W, Fontaine H (1990) J Phys Condens Matter 2:6893–6903

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  311. MacFarlane DR, Forsyth M (2001) Adv Mater 13:957–966

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  312. Hore S, Dinnebier R, Wen W, Hanson J, Maier J (2009) Z Anorg Allg Chem 635:88–93

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  313. Fengler OI, Ruoff A (2001) Spectrochim Acta A 57:105–117

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  314. Lebdeh YA, Alarco PJ, Armand M (2004) J New Mat Electrochem Syst 8:197–201

    Google Scholar 

  315. Kunze M, Jeong S, Appetecchi GB, Schönhoff M, Winter M, Passerini S (2012) Electrochim Acta 82:69–74

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  316. Iijima S (1991) Nature 354:56–58

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Funding

The authors acknowledge the financial support received from the Science and Engineering Research Board (SERB), Department of Science and Technology, Government of India (sanction no. ECR/2016/001871) under the scheme Early Career Research Award.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Physics, ARSD College University of Delhi, New Delhi, 110021, India

    Yogesh Kumar

  2. Department of Applied Physics, Gautam Buddha University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, 201308, India

    Sangeeta Rawal & Bhawana Joshi

  3. Department of Physics & Astrophysics, University of Delhi, New Delhi, 110007, India

    S. A. Hashmi

Authors
  1. Yogesh Kumar
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Sangeeta Rawal
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Bhawana Joshi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. S. A. Hashmi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Yogesh Kumar.

Additional information

Publisher’s note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Kumar, Y., Rawal, S., Joshi, B. et al. Background, fundamental understanding and progress in electrochemical capacitors. J Solid State Electrochem 23, 667–692 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10008-018-4160-3

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10008-018-4160-3

Keywords

Search

Navigation