Zusammenfassung
Hintergrund
Das abdominale Aortenaneurysma (AAA) ist eine tägliche klinische Herausforderung für den Gefäßchirurgen. In den letzten Jahren sind viele pathologische Veränderungen der Aneurysmawand im Vergleich zur nativen Aorta gut untersucht und deren Bedeutung in ein Modell zur Aneurysmaprogression eingeordnet worden.
Ziel der Arbeit
Diese modellhafte Theorie wird anhand einer Übersichtsarbeit vorgestellt.
Ergebnisse
Charakteristische Veränderungen im AAA umfassen eine verbreiterte Tunica media und veränderte Extrazellulärmatrix, veränderte Hämodynamik und Kräfte auf die Aortenwand, luminale Thrombusbildung, Phänotypwechsel glattmuskulärer Zellen, Angiogenese sowie akute und chronische Entzündungsherde. Diese bedingen Veränderungen der Gleichgewichte von Kräfteverteilung und Matrixsynthese in der Aortenwand, sodass Areale mit hoher biologischer Aktivität und reduzierter mechanischer Belastbarkeit entstehen. Die klinisch bekannten Risikofaktoren Nikotinabusus, Dyslipidämie, männliches Geschlecht, Alter und genetische Prädisposition haben definierte biologische Effekte, die die Gefäßwand zusätzlich schwächen. Zum Unterschied zwischen rupturierten und intakten Aneurysmen ist keine klare Aussage möglich. Ebenso ist die initiale Ursache der Aneurysmaentstehung weiterhin unklar.
Schlussfolgerung
Ein besseres Verständnis der multifaktoriellen Pathogenese des AAA ist erforderlich um translationale Ansätze zur nichtchirurgischen Therapie und eine patientenindividuelle Risikostratifizierung zu ermöglichen. Die Forschung an humanen Aneurysmaproben ist auch in der endovaskulären Ära nötig und erlaubt die Identifikation spezifischer beteiligter Pathomechanismen.
Abstract
Background
Abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAA) are a daily clinical challenge for vascular surgeons. In recent years, many pathological changes in the aneurysm wall have been investigated and a common model for aneurysm expansion has been developed.
Objective
This theoretical model is presented based on a literature review.
Results
Characteristic changes of the AAA wall include broadening of the media and alteration of the extracellular matrix, altered hemodynamics and force distribution, luminal thrombus formation, phenotype switch of vascular smooth muscle cells, angiogenesis as well as acute and chronic inflammatory infiltrates. These cause a proteolytic imbalance and altered pressure impact resulting in areas with increased biological activity and peak wall stress. The clinical risk factors smoking, dyslipidemia, male gender, age and genetic predisposition have defined biological effects causing additional weakening of the vessel wall. The differences between ruptured and intact aneurysm walls cannot be clearly defined. The initial cause of an aneurysm is also still unknown.
Conclusion
A better understanding of the multifactorial AAA pathogenesis is mandatory to enable translational approaches towards a non-surgical treatment and an individual patient risk stratification. Basic research on human aneurysmal samples is also necessary even in the endovascular era and enables identification of the very specific pathological mechanisms involved.
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Die Autoren danken den Mitarbeiter(inne)n des Verlags für die schnelle und komplikationslose Zusammenarbeit.
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A. Busch, F. Simon, C. Schrimpf, A.L. Menges, A. Zimmermann, H.-H. Eckstein und L. Maegdefessel geben an, dass kein Interessenkonflikt besteht.
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Busch, A., Simon, F., Schrimpf, C. et al. Die Pathophysiologie des abdominalen Aortenaneurysmas. Gefässchirurgie 23, 130–135 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00772-018-0358-z
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00772-018-0358-z
Schlüsselwörter
- Abdominales Aortenaneurysma (AAA)
- Pathophysiologie
- Grundlagenforschung
- Vaskuläre Biologie
- Risikofaktoren