Abstract
Recent genome-wide association studies have revealed the HLA region on chromosome 6p21 as a susceptibility locus for hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection, a finding subsequently replicated in independent samples. However, only limited single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were analyzed in most of these studies, and it remains to be determined which SNPs contribute to the detected association. After genotyping 140 SNPs within this genomic region in a total of 1657 HBV-positive patients and 1456 HBV-negative controls, we conducted a series of genetic epidemiological and bioinformatics analysis, including individual SNP-based association analysis, haplotype-based association analysis, and conditional analysis. We identified 76 SNPs and 5 LD blocks in HLA-DP/DQ clusters that are significantly associated with HBV infection, with the smallest P value being 3.88 × 10−18 for rs9277535 in HLA-DPB1. With conditional analysis, we further revealed that the genes contributing to the effects of variants in HLA-DP/DQ on infection are independent of each other, and the LD block 5 in the 3′-UTR region of HLA-DPB1 had a predominant effect in the association of HLA-DP with HBV infection. We also found that the SNPs in the 3′-UTR region of HLA-DPB1 were significant between the subgroups of inactive HBV carrier, chronic hepatitis B, or hepatic cirrhosis from the case group and the spontaneous HBV-clearance subgroup from the control group. Finally, we did further association analysis of SNPs in this region with different subgroups from the case group, which revealed no association of these SNPs with the progression of HBV-related diseases. In sum, we showed, for the first time, that the HLA-DP/DQ clusters contribute independently to HBV infection, and the 3′-UTR region of HLA-DPB1 represents an important functional region involved in HBV infection.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Adzhubei IA, Schmidt S, Peshkin L, Ramensky VE, Gerasimova A, Bork P, Kondrashov AS, Sunyaev SR (2010) A method and server for predicting damaging missense mutations. Nat Methods 7(4):248–249. doi:10.1038/nmeth0410-248
Ahn SH, Han KH, Park JY, Lee CK, Kang SW, Chon CY, Kim YS, Park K, Kim DK, Moon YM (2000) Association between hepatitis B virus infection and HLA-DR type in Korea. Hepatology 31(6):1371–1373. doi:10.1053/jhep.2000.7988
Al-Qahtani AA, Al-Anazi MR, Abdo AA, Sanai FM, Al-Hamoudi W, Alswat KA, Al-Ashgar HI, Khalaf NZ, Eldali AM, Viswan NA, Al-Ahdal MN (2014) Association between HLA Variations and Chronic Hepatitis B Virus Infection in Saudi Arabian Patients. PLoS One 9(1):e80445. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0080445
Barrett JC, Fry B, Maller J, Daly MJ (2005) Haploview: analysis and visualization of LD and haplotype maps. Bioinformatics 21(2):263–265
Chen K, Shi W, Xin Z, Wang H, Zhu X, Wu X, Li Z, Li H, Liu Y (2013) Replication of genome wide association studies on hepatocellular carcinoma susceptibility Loci in a chinese population. PLoS One 8(10):e77315. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0077315
Chinese Society of H, Chinese Society of Infectious Diseases CMA (2011) The guideline of prevention and treatment for chronic hepatitis B (2010 version). Zhonghua Gan Zang Bing Za Zhi 19(1):13–24. doi:10.3760/cma.j.issn.1007-3418.2011.01.007
Cui Y, Jia J (2013) Update on epidemiology of hepatitis B and C in China. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 28(Suppl 1):7–10. doi:10.1111/jgh.12220
Desombere I, Willems A, Leroux-Roels G (1998) Response to hepatitis B vaccine: multiple HLA genes are involved. Tissue Antigens 51(6):593–604
Dixon PH, Wadsworth CA, Chambers J, Donnelly J, Cooley S, Buckley R, Mannino R, Jarvis S, Syngelaki A, Geenes V, Paul P, Sothinathan M, Kubitz R, Lammert F, Tribe RM, Ch’ng CL, Marschall HU, Glantz A, Khan SA, Nicolaides K, Whittaker J, Geary M, Williamson C (2014) A comprehensive analysis of common genetic variation around six candidate loci for intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy. Am J Gastroenterol 109(1):76–84. doi:10.1038/ajg.2013.406
Dudbridge F, Gusnanto A (2008) Estimation of significance thresholds for genomewide association scans. Genet Epidemiol 32(3):227–234. doi:10.1002/gepi.20297
Gabriel SB, Schaffner SF, Nguyen H, Moore JM, Roy J, Blumenstiel B, Higgins J, DeFelice M, Lochner A, Faggart M, Liu-Cordero SN, Rotimi C, Adeyemo A, Cooper R, Ward R, Lander ES, Daly MJ, Altshuler D (2002) The structure of haplotype blocks in the human genome. Science 296(5576):2225–2229
Gao X, Starmer J, Martin ER (2008) A multiple testing correction method for genetic association studies using correlated single nucleotide polymorphisms. Genet Epidemiol 32(4):361–369. doi:10.1002/gepi.20310
Guo X, Zhang Y, Li J, Ma J, Wei Z, Tan W, O’Brien SJ (2011) Strong influence of human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-DP gene variants on development of persistent chronic hepatitis B virus carriers in the Han Chinese population. Hepatology 53(2):422–428. doi:10.1002/hep.24048
Hu L, Zhai X, Liu J, Chu M, Pan S, Jiang J, Zhang Y, Wang H, Chen J, Shen H, Hu Z (2012) Genetic variants in human leukocyte antigen/DP-DQ influence both hepatitis B virus clearance and hepatocellular carcinoma development. Hepatology 55(5):1426–1431. doi:10.1002/hep.24799
Jiang YG, Wang YM, Liu TH, Liu J (2003) Association between HLA class II gene and susceptibility or resistance to chronic hepatitis B. World J Gastroenterol 9(10):2221–2225
Jiang DK, Sun J, Cao G, Liu Y, Lin D, Gao YZ, Ren WH, Long XD, Zhang H, Ma XP, Wang Z, Jiang W, Chen TY, Gao Y, Sun LD, Long JR, Huang HX, Wang D, Yu H, Zhang P, Tang LS, Peng B, Cai H, Liu TT, Zhou P, Liu F, Lin X, Tao S, Wan B, Sai-Yin HX, Qin LX, Yin J, Liu L, Wu C, Pei Y, Zhou YF, Zhai Y, Lu PX, Tan A, Zuo XB, Fan J, Chang J, Gu X, Wang NJ, Li Y, Liu YK, Zhai K, Hu Z, Liu J, Yi Q, Xiang Y, Shi R, Ding Q, Zheng W, Shu XO, Mo Z, Shugart YY, Zhang XJ, Zhou G, Shen H, Zheng SL, Xu J, Yu L (2013) Genetic variants in STAT4 and HLA-DQ genes confer risk of hepatitis B virus-related hepatocellular carcinoma. Nat Genet 45(1):72–75. doi:10.1038/ng.2483
Jiang X, Ma Y, Cui W, Li MD (2014) Association of variants in HLA-DP on chromosome 6 with chronic hepatitis B virus infection and related phenotypes. Amino Acids 46(8):1819–1826. doi:10.1007/s00726-014-1767-2
Kamatani Y, Wattanapokayakit S, Ochi H, Kawaguchi T, Takahashi A, Hosono N, Kubo M, Tsunoda T, Kamatani N, Kumada H, Puseenam A, Sura T, Daigo Y, Chayama K, Chantratita W, Nakamura Y, Matsuda K (2009) A genome-wide association study identifies variants in the HLA-DP locus associated with chronic hepatitis B in Asians. Nat Genet 41(5):591–595. doi:10.1038/ng.348
Kim YJ, Kim HY, Lee JH, Yu SJ, Yoon JH, Lee HS, Kim CY, Cheong JY, Cho SW, Park NH, Park BL, Namgoong S, Kim LH, Cheong HS, Shin HD (2013) A genome-wide association study identified new variants associated with the risk of chronic hepatitis B. Hum Mol Genet 22(20):4233–4238. doi:10.1093/hmg/ddt266
Li J, Yang D, He Y, Wang M, Wen Z, Liu L, Yao J, Matsuda K, Nakamura Y, Yu J, Jiang X, Sun S, Liu Q, Song Q, Chen M, Yang H, Tang F, Hu X, Wang J, Chang Y, He X, Chen Y, Lin J (2011) Associations of HLA-DP variants with Hepatitis B virus infection in Southern and Northern Han Chinese Populations: a multicenter case-control study. PLoS One 6(8):e24221. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0024221
Lin TM, Chen CJ, Wu MM, Yang CS, Chen JS, Lin CC, Kwang TY, Hsu ST, Lin SY, Hsu LC (1989) Hepatitis B virus markers in Chinese twins. Anticancer Res 9(3):737–741
Mbarek H, Ochi H, Urabe Y, Kumar V, Kubo M, Hosono N, Takahashi A, Kamatani Y, Miki D, Abe H, Tsunoda T, Kamatani N, Chayama K, Nakamura Y, Matsuda K (2011a) A genome-wide association study of chronic hepatitis B identified novel risk locus in a Japanese population. Hum Mol Genet. doi:10.1093/hmg/ddr301
Mbarek H, Ochi H, Urabe Y, Kumar V, Kubo M, Hosono N, Takahashi A, Kamatani Y, Miki D, Abe H, Tsunoda T, Kamatani N, Chayama K, Nakamura Y, Matsuda K (2011b) A genome-wide association study of chronic hepatitis B identified novel risk locus in a Japanese population. Hum Mol Genet 20(19):3884–3892. doi:10.1093/hmg/ddr301
Nishida N, Sawai H, Matsuura K, Sugiyama M, Ahn SH, Park JY, Hige S, Kang JH, Suzuki K, Kurosaki M, Asahina Y, Mochida S, Watanabe M, Tanaka E, Honda M, Kaneko S, Orito E, Itoh Y, Mita E, Tamori A, Murawaki Y, Hiasa Y, Sakaida I, Korenaga M, Hino K, Ide T, Kawashima M, Mawatari Y, Sageshima M, Ogasawara Y, Koike A, Izumi N, Han KH, Tanaka Y, Tokunaga K, Mizokami M (2012) Genome-Wide Association Study Confirming Association of HLA-DP with Protection against Chronic Hepatitis B and Viral Clearance in Japanese and Korean. PLoS One 7(6):e39175. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0039175
Pe’er I, Yelensky R, Altshuler D, Daly MJ (2008) Estimation of the multiple testing burden for genomewide association studies of nearly all common variants. Genet Epidemiol 32(4):381–385. doi:10.1002/gepi.20303
Purcell S, Neale B, Todd-Brown K, Thomas L, Ferreira MA, Bender D, Maller J, Sklar P, de Bakker PI, Daly MJ, Sham PC (2007) PLINK: a tool set for whole-genome association and population-based linkage analyses. Am J Hum Genet 81(3):559–575. doi:10.1086/519795
Schaid DJ, Rowland CM, Tines DE, Jacobson RM, Poland GA (2002) Score tests for association between traits and haplotypes when linkage phase is ambiguous. Am J Hum Genet 70(2):425–434. doi:10.1086/338688
Strachan T, Read A (2010) Human molecular genetics. 4 edn. Garland Science
Sun J, Hou JL (2010) Management of chronic hepatitis B: experience from China. J Viral Hepat 17(Suppl 1):10–17. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2893.2010.01274.x
Szmuness W, Harley EJ, Prince AM (1975) Intrafamilial spread of asymptomatic hepatitis B. Am J Med Sci 270(2):293–304
Vermehren J, Lotsch J, Susser S, Wicker S, Berger A, Zeuzem S, Sarrazin C, Doehring A (2012) A common HLA-DPA1 variant is associated with hepatitis B virus infection but fails to distinguish active from inactive Caucasian carriers. PLoS One 7(3):e32605. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0032605
Xi-Lin Z, Te D, Jun-Hong L, Liang-Ping L, Xin-Hui G, Ji-Rong G, Chun-Yan G, Zhuo L, Ying L, Hui L (2006) Analysis of HLA-DQB1 gene polymorphisms in asymptomatic HBV carriers and chronic hepatitis B patients in the Chinese Han population. Int J Immunogenet 33(4):249–254. doi:10.1111/j.1744-313X.2006.00607.x
Zang GQ, Xi M, Feng ML, Ji Y, Yu YS, Tang ZH (2004) Curative effects of interferon-alpha and HLA-DRB1 -DQA1 and -DQB1 alleles in chronic viral hepatitis B. World J Gastroenterol 10(14):2116–2118
Acknowledgments
We thank all the volunteers who participated in this study. We also thank the many clinical research staff and clinicians in the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine for helping us to recruit these participants.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding authors
Ethics declarations
Funding
This study was in part supported by the National Science and Technology Major Project (No. 2012ZX10002004) and the Chinese High Technology Research and Development program (No. 2012AA020204).
Conflict of interest
The authors declare no conflict of interest related to this paper.
Electronic supplementary material
Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Tao, J., Su, K., Yu, C. et al. Fine mapping analysis of HLA-DP/DQ gene clusters on chromosome 6 reveals multiple susceptibility loci for HBV infection. Amino Acids 47, 2623–2634 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00726-015-2054-6
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00726-015-2054-6