Abstract
High sequence divergence, evolutionary mobility, and superfold topology characterize the ACT domain. Frequently found in multidomain proteins, these domains induce allosteric effects by binding a regulatory ligand usually to an ACT domain dimer interface. In mammalian phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH), no contacts are formed between ACT domains, and the domain promotes an allosteric effect despite the apparent lack of ligand binding. The increased functional scenario of this abundant domain encouraged us to search for distant homologs, aiming to enhance the understanding of the ACT domain in general and the ACT domain of PAH in particular. The PDB was searched using the FATCAT server with the ACT domain of PAH as a query. The hits that were confirmed by the SSAP algorithm were divided into known ACT domains (KADs) and potential ACT domains (PADs). The FATCAT/SSAP procedure recognized most of the established KADs, as well 18 so far unrecognized non-redundant PADs with extremely low sequence identities and high divergence in functionality and oligomerization. However, analysis of the structural similarity provides remarkable clustering of the proteins according to similarities in ligand binding. Despite enormous sequence divergence and high functional variability, there is a common regulatory theme among these domains. The results reveal the close relationships of the ACT domain of PAH with amino acid binding and metallobinding ACT domains and with acylphosphatase.
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Abbreviations
- AAAH:
-
Aromatic amino acid hydroxylase
- ACYP:
-
Acylphosphatase
- AHAS:
-
Acetoacetate synthase isozyme III small subuint
- AK:
-
Aspartokinase
- ALY:
-
Transcriptional coactivator
- ASR:
-
Ancestral sequence reconstruction
- Atx1:
-
Metallochaperone
- CCS:
-
Metallochaperone of superoxide dismutase
- CE:
-
Combinatorial extension
- CutA1:
-
Periplasmic divalent cation tolerance protein
- Duf190:
-
Domain unknown function
- GCVR:
-
Glycine cleavage transcriptional repressor
- HisG_C:
-
ATP phophoribosyl transferase
- KADs:
-
Known ACT domains
- LPRA:
-
Leucine-responsive regulatory protein A
- MSCS:
-
Small-conductance mechanosensitive channel
- NikR:
-
Nickel binding regulatory protein
- PADs:
-
Potential ACT domains
- PAH:
-
Phenylalanine hydroxylase
- PheA:
-
Prephenate dehydratase
- PII A–B:
-
P-II-like signaling protein, nitrogen regulatory protein A–B
- RMSD:
-
Root mean square deviation
- Rpia:
-
Ribose-5-phosphate isomerase
- SGUF 1–7:
-
Structural genomics target with unknown function 1–7
- SMBD:
-
Small molecule binding domain
- S6 A–B:
-
30S ribosomal protein S6 A–B
- TD:
-
Threonine deaminase
- TH:
-
Tyrosine hydroxylase
- TPH:
-
Tryptophan hydroxylase
- VAO:
-
Vanillyl-alcohol oxidase
- V-ATPase:
-
Head domain of subunit C
- Znta:
-
Zinc, (lead, cadmium, and mercury) transporting ATPase
- 3-PGDH:
-
d-3-Phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase
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Acknowledgments
We are grateful to Prof. Randy Lewis, University of Wyoming, for providing a good research environment for JSL. This research was supported by The Research Council of Norway and Helse-Vest.
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Siltberg-Liberles, J., Martinez, A. Searching distant homologs of the regulatory ACT domain in phenylalanine hydroxylase. Amino Acids 36, 235–249 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00726-008-0057-2
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00726-008-0057-2