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Biochemistry of D-aspartate in mammalian cells

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Summary.

Recent investigations have shown that D-aspartate (D-Asp) plays an important physiological role(s) in the mammalian body. Here, several recent studies of free D-Asp metabolism in mammals, focusing on cellular localization in tissues, intracellular localization, biosynthesis, efflux, uptake and degradation are reviewed.

D-Asp in mammalian tissues is present in specific cells, indicating the existence of specific molecular components that regulate D-Asp levels and localization in tissues. In the rat pheochromocytoma cell line (PC12) and its subclones, D-Asp is synthesized intracellularly, most likely by Asp racemase(s). Endogenous D-Asp apparently has two different intracellular localization patterns: cytoplasmic and vesicular. In PC12 cells, D-Asp release can occur through three distinct pathways: 1) spontaneous, continuous release of cytoplasmic D-Asp, which is not associated with a specific stimulus; 2) release of cytoplasmic D-Asp via a volume-sensitive organic anion channel that connects the cytoplasm and extracellular space; 3) exocytotic discharge of vesicular D-Asp. Under certain conditions, D-Asp can be released via a mechanism that involves the L-Glu transporter. D-Asp is thus apparently in dynamic flux at the cellular level to carry out its physiological function(s) in mammals.

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  1. Laboratory of Biomolecular Science, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kitasato University, Tokyo, Japan

    H. Homma

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Homma, H. Biochemistry of D-aspartate in mammalian cells. Amino Acids 32, 3–11 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00726-006-0354-6

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