Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

The necessity of functional proteomics: protein species and molecular function elucidation exemplified by in vivo alpha A crystallin N-terminal truncation

  • Published:
Amino Acids Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Summary.

Ten years after the establishment of the term proteome, the science surrounding it has yet to fulfill its potential. While a host of technologies have generated lists of protein names, there are only a few reported studies that have examined the individual proteins at the covalent chemical level defined as protein species in 1997 and their function. In the current study, we demonstrate that this is possible with two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE) and mass spectrometry by presenting clear evidence of in vivo N-terminal alpha A crystallin truncation and relating this newly detected protein species to alpha crystallin activity regulation by protease cleavage in the healthy young murine lens. We assess the present state of technology and suggest a shift in resources and paradigm for the routine attainment of the protein species level in proteomics.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • S Aksu C Scheler N Focks F Leenders F Theuring J Salnikow PR Jungblut (2002) ArticleTitleAn iterative calibration method with prediction of post-translational modifications for the construction of a two-dimensional electrophoresis database of mouse mammary gland proteins Proteomics 2 1452–1463 Occurrence Handle12422362 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38XovFOktrY%3D Occurrence Handle10.1002/1615-9861(200210)2:10<1452::AID-PROT1452>3.0.CO;2-N

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • RC Augusteyn (1998) ArticleTitleAlpha-crystallin polymers and polymerization: the view from down under Int J Biol Macromol 22 253–262 Occurrence Handle9650080 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK1cXis1Clurk%3D Occurrence Handle10.1016/S0141-8130(98)00023-3

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • RC Augusteyn JF Koretz (1987) ArticleTitleA possible structure for alpha-crystallin FEBS Lett 222 1–5 Occurrence Handle3308513 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaL1cXltFCqtw%3D%3D Occurrence Handle10.1016/0014-5793(87)80180-1

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • M Azuma Y Tamada S Kanaami E Nakajima Y Nakamura C Fukiage NE Forsberg MK Duncan TR Shearer (2003) ArticleTitleDifferential influence of proteolysis by calpain 2 and Lp82 on in vitro precipitation of mouse lens crystallins Biochem Biophys Res Commun 307 558–563 Occurrence Handle12893259 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXlvVCrsrc%3D Occurrence Handle10.1016/S0006-291X(03)01194-X

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • A Baruch D Greenbaum E Levy P Nielsen N Gilula N Kumar M Bogyo (2001) ArticleTitleDefining a link between gap junction communication, proteolysis, and cataract formation J Biol Chem 276 28999–29006 Occurrence Handle11395508 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3MXlvFSqs7g%3D Occurrence Handle10.1074/jbc.M103628200

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • S Bera P Thampi WJ Cho EC Abraham (2002) ArticleTitleA positive charge preservation at position 116 of alpha A-crystallin is critical for its structural and functional integrity Biochemistry 41 12421–12426 Occurrence Handle12369832 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38Xns1Sntb8%3D Occurrence Handle10.1021/bi0204140

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • AR Berengian MP Bova HS Mchaourab (1997) ArticleTitleStructure and function of the conserved domain in alphaA-crystallin. Site-directed spin labeling identifies a beta-strand located near a subunit interface Biochemistry 36 9951–9957 Occurrence Handle9296605 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK2sXkvVWitrg%3D Occurrence Handle10.1021/bi9712347

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • JG Bindels RJ Siezen HJ Hoenders (1979) ArticleTitleA model for the architecture of alpha-crystallin Ophthalmic Res 11 441–452 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaL3cXhslKjtrc%3D Occurrence Handle10.1159/000265048

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • WF Bon (1961) ArticleTitlePhysicochemical investigations on a complex protein: the soluble protein of the eye lens, alpha-Crystallin J Biol Chem 236 81–85 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaF3MXksVWgtw%3D%3D

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • MP Bova HS McHaourab Y Han BK Fung (2000) ArticleTitleSubunit exchange of small heat shock proteins. Analysis of oligomer formation of alphaA-crystallin and Hsp27 by fluorescence resonance energy transfer and site-directed truncations J Biol Chem 275 1035–1042 Occurrence Handle10625643 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3cXntleiuw%3D%3D Occurrence Handle10.1074/jbc.275.2.1035

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • LA Breci DL Tabb JR Yates Suffix3rd VH Wysocki (2003) ArticleTitleCleavage N-terminal to proline: analysis of a database of peptide tandem mass spectra Anal Chem 75 1963–1971 Occurrence Handle12720328 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXitlGlsLo%3D Occurrence Handle10.1021/ac026359i

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • C Bystroff Y Shao (2002) ArticleTitleFully automated ab initio protein structure prediction using I-SITES, HMMSTR and ROSETTA Bioinformatics 18 IssueID[Suppl 1] S54–S61 Occurrence Handle12169531

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • JA Carver JA Aquilina RJ Truscott (1994) ArticleTitleA possible chaperone-like quaternary structure for alpha-crystallin Exp Eye Res 59 231–234 Occurrence Handle7835412 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK2cXmvFGgt7Y%3D Occurrence Handle10.1006/exer.1994.1101

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • JA Carver KA Nicholls JA Aquilina RJ Truscott (1996) ArticleTitleAge-related changes in bovine alpha-crystallin and high-molecular-weight protein Exp Eye Res 63 639–647 Occurrence Handle9068371 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK2sXmtVU%3D Occurrence Handle10.1006/exer.1996.0158

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • GJ Caspers JA Leunissen WW de Jong (1995) ArticleTitleThe expanding small heat-shock protein family, and structure predictions of the conserved “alpha-crystallin domain” J Mol Evol 40 238–248 Occurrence Handle7723051 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK2MXksl2gs7o%3D Occurrence Handle10.1007/BF00163229

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • WW de Jong FS van Kleef H Bloemendal (1974) ArticleTitleIntracellular carboxy-terminal degradation of the alpha A chain of alpha-crystallin Eur J Biochem 48 271–276 Occurrence Handle4448172 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaE2MXivFSltA%3D%3D Occurrence Handle10.1111/j.1432-1033.1974.tb03765.x

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • WW de Jong A Zweers M Goodman (1981) ArticleTitleRelationship of aardvark to elephants, hyraxes and sea cows from alpha-crystallin sequences Nature 292 538–540 Occurrence Handle7254349 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaL38Xhs1agsg%3D%3D Occurrence Handle10.1038/292538a0

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • M Delaye A Tardieu (1983) ArticleTitleShort-range order of crystallin proteins accounts for eye lens transparency Nature 302 415–417 Occurrence Handle6835373 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaL3sXhslGitrY%3D Occurrence Handle10.1038/302415a0

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • BK Derham JJ Harding (1999) ArticleTitleAlpha-crystallin as a molecular chaperone Prog Retin Eye Res 18 463–509 Occurrence Handle10217480 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK1MXit1Wksbs%3D Occurrence Handle10.1016/S1350-9462(98)00030-5

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • T Emmons L Takemoto (1992) ArticleTitleAge-dependant loss of the C-terminal amino acid from alpha crystallin Exp Eye Res 55 551–554 Occurrence Handle1483501 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK38XmsV2jtLo%3D Occurrence Handle10.1016/S0014-4835(05)80167-8

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • P Farnsworth K Singh (2004) ArticleTitleStructure function relationship among alpha-crystallin related small heat shock proteins Exp Eye Res 79 787–794 Occurrence Handle15655895 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXhvF2jtA%3D%3D Occurrence Handle10.1016/j.exer.2004.08.009

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • PN Farnsworth H Frauwirth B Groth-Vasselli K Singh (1998) ArticleTitleRefinement of 3D structure of bovine lens alpha A-crystallin Int J Biol Macromol 22 175–185 Occurrence Handle9650072 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK1cXis1Cltbg%3D Occurrence Handle10.1016/S0141-8130(98)00015-4

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • PN Farnsworth B Groth-Vasselli NJ Greenfield K Singh (1997) ArticleTitleEffects of temperature and concentration on bovine lens alpha-crystallin secondary structure: a circular dichroism spectroscopic study Int J Biol Macromol 20 283–291 Occurrence Handle9253648 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK2sXltlOlt74%3D Occurrence Handle10.1016/S0141-8130(97)00028-7

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • C Fukiage E Nakajima H Ma M Azuma T Shearer (2002) ArticleTitleCharacterization and regulation of lens-specific calpain Lp82 J Biol Chem 277 20678–20685 Occurrence Handle11904300 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38XkslWgu78%3D Occurrence Handle10.1074/jbc.M200697200

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • U Gesierich W Pfeil (1996) ArticleTitleThe conformational stability of alpha-crystallin is rather low: calorimetric results FEBS Lett 393 151–154 Occurrence Handle8814280 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK28Xls1KmtLg%3D Occurrence Handle10.1016/0014-5793(96)00867-8

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • B Groth-Vasselli TF Kumosinski PN Farnsworth (1995) ArticleTitleComputer-generated model of the quaternary structure of alpha crystallin in the lens Exp Eye Res 61 249–253 Occurrence Handle7556488 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK2MXnsVGgs7c%3D Occurrence Handle10.1016/S0014-4835(05)80044-2

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • V Harrington S McCall S Huynh K Srivastava OP Srivastava (2004) ArticleTitleCrystallins in water soluble-high molecular weight protein fractions and water insoluble protein fractions in aging and cataractous human lenses Mol Vis 10 476–489 Occurrence Handle15303090 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXntFOksL4%3D

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • J Horwitz (1992) ArticleTitleAlpha-crystallin can function as a molecular chaperone Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 89 10449–10453 Occurrence Handle1438232 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK3sXisFCm Occurrence Handle10.1073/pnas.89.21.10449

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • J Horwitz Q Huang L Ding (2004) ArticleTitleThe native oligomeric organization of alpha-crystallins, is it necessary for its chaperone function? Exp Eye Res 79 817–821 Occurrence Handle15642318 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXhvF2isg%3D%3D Occurrence Handle10.1016/j.exer.2004.05.007

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • J Horwitz QL Huang L Ding MP Bova (1998) ArticleTitleLens alpha-crystallin: chaperone like properties Methods Enzymol 290 365–383 Occurrence Handle9534176 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK1cXis1GhurY%3D Occurrence Handle10.1016/S0076-6879(98)90032-5

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • P Jungblut B Thiede (1997) ArticleTitleProtein identification from 2-DE gels by MALDI mass spectrometry Mass Spectrom Rev 16 145–162 Occurrence Handle9414492 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK2sXnvFOhsL8%3D Occurrence Handle10.1002/(SICI)1098-2787(1997)16:3<145::AID-MAS2>3.0.CO;2-H

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • A Kamei H Iwase K Masuda (1997) ArticleTitleCleavage of amino acid residue(s) from the N-terminal region of alpha A- and alpha B-crystallins in human crystalline lens during aging Biochem Biophys Res Commun 231 373–378 Occurrence Handle9070282 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK2sXhsVegt7s%3D Occurrence Handle10.1006/bbrc.1997.6105

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • RJ Kapphahn CM Ethen EA Peters L Higgins DA Ferrington (2003) ArticleTitleModified alpha A crystallin in the retina: altered expression and truncation with aging Biochemistry 42 15310–15325 Occurrence Handle14690441 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXpsFaqsL8%3D Occurrence Handle10.1021/bi034774e

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • J Klose U Kobalz (1995) ArticleTitleTwo-dimensional electrophoresis of proteins: an updated protocol and implications for a functional analysis of the genome Electrophoresis 16 1034–1059 Occurrence Handle7498127 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK2MXmslKmurg%3D Occurrence Handle10.1002/elps.11501601175

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • H Ma I Hata M Shih C Fukiage Y Nakamura M Azuma T Shearer (1999) ArticleTitleLp82 is the dominant form of calpain in young mouse lens Exp Eye Res 68 447–456 Occurrence Handle10192802 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK1MXit1Sgsr0%3D Occurrence Handle10.1006/exer.1998.0625

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • KB Merck WA De Haard-Hoekman BB Oude Essink H Bloemendal WW De Jong (1992) ArticleTitleExpression and aggregation of recombinant alpha A-crystallin and its two domains Biochim Biophys Acta 1130 267–276 Occurrence Handle1562604 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK38XitV2qsr8%3D

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • CT Mörner (1894) ArticleTitleUntersuchung der Proteinsubstanzen in den leichtbrechenden Medien des Auges Z Physiol Chem 18 61–106

    Google Scholar 

  • Y Nakamura C Fukiage M Shih H Ma LL David M Azuma TR Shearer (2000) ArticleTitleContribution of calpain Lp82-induced proteolysis to experimental cataractogenesis in mice Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 41 1460–1466 Occurrence Handle10798663 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DC%2BD3c3ls1Ghsw%3D%3D

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • LM Okkels EC Muller M Schmid I Rosenkrands SH Kaufman P Andersen PR Jungblut (2004) ArticleTitleCFP10 discriminates between nonacetylated and acetylated ESAT-6 of Mycobacterium tuberculosis by differential interaction Proteomics 4 2954–2960 Occurrence Handle15378760 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXovVynsbg%3D Occurrence Handle10.1002/pmic.200400906

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • SY Pasta B Raman T Ramakrishna ChM Rao (2003) ArticleTitleRole of the conserved SRLFDQFFG region of alpha-crystallin, a small heat shock protein. Effect on oligomeric size, subunit exchange and chaperone-like activity J Biol Chem 278 51159–51166 Occurrence Handle14532291 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXpslOhsb8%3D Occurrence Handle10.1074/jbc.M307523200

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • N Puri RC Augusteyn EA Owen RJ Siezen (1983) ArticleTitleImmunochemical properties of vertebrate alpha-crystallins Eur J Biochem 134 321–326 Occurrence Handle6191981 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaL3sXkvVKhu7k%3D Occurrence Handle10.1111/j.1432-1033.1983.tb07569.x

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • JG Schoenmakers JJ Gerding H Bloemendal (1969) ArticleTitleThe subunit structure of alpha-crystallin. Isolation and characterization of the S-carboxymethylated acidic subunits from adult and embryonic origin Eur J Biochem 11 472–481 Occurrence Handle4983849 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaE3cXltV2qtQ%3D%3D Occurrence Handle10.1111/j.1432-1033.1969.tb00797.x

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • RJ Siezen (1981) ArticleTitleReflections on the internal primary, secondary and tertiary structure homology of the eye lens proteins alpha-, beta- and gamma-crystallin FEBS Lett 133 1–8 Occurrence Handle6927386 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaL3MXlvF2nsrY%3D Occurrence Handle10.1016/0014-5793(81)80459-0

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • K Singh B Groth-Vasselli PN Farnsworth (1998) ArticleTitleInteraction of DNA with bovine lens alpha-crystallin: its functional implications Int J Biol Macromol 22 315–320 Occurrence Handle9650086 Occurrence Handle10.1016/S0141-8130(98)00029-4

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • JB Smith Y Liu DL Smith (1996) ArticleTitleIdentification of possible regions of chaperone activity in lens alpha-crystallin Exp Eye Res 63 125–128 Occurrence Handle8983959 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK28XkvVWjtL4%3D Occurrence Handle10.1006/exer.1996.0100

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • RH Smulders MA van Boekel WW de Jong (1998) ArticleTitleMutations and modifications support a ‘pitted-flexiball’ model for alpha-crystallin Int J Biol Macromol 22 187–196 Occurrence Handle9650073 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK1cXis1Cltbk%3D Occurrence Handle10.1016/S0141-8130(98)00016-6

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • SK Swanson MP Washburn (2005) ArticleTitleThe continuing evolution of shotgun proteomics Drug Discov Today 10 719–725 Occurrence Handle15896685 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXkslalt70%3D Occurrence Handle10.1016/S1359-6446(05)03450-1

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • L Takemoto (1994) ArticleTitleRelease of alpha-A sequence 158–173 correlates with a decrease in the molecular chaperone properties of the high molecular weight aggregate from aged lens Curr Eye Res 13 35–44 Occurrence Handle8156824 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DyaK2c3gvVejsw%3D%3D

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • L Takemoto (1995) ArticleTitleQuantitation of C-terminal modification of alpha-A crystallin during aging of the human lens Exp Eye Res 60 721–724 Occurrence Handle7641854 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK2MXmtFeqsLg%3D

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • L Takemoto T Emmons J Horwitz (1993) ArticleTitleThe C-terminal region of alpha-crystallin: involvement in protection against heat-induced denaturation Biochem J 294 435–438 Occurrence Handle8373358 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK3sXlvFyjsr0%3D

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • LJ Takemoto (1995) ArticleTitleIdentification of the in vivo truncation sites at the C-terminal region of alpha-A crystallin from aged bovine and human lens Curr Eye Res 14 837–841 Occurrence Handle8529423 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DyaK287gtVSjtQ%3D%3D

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • A Tardieu D Laporte P Licinio B Krop M Delaye (1986) ArticleTitleCalf lens alpha-crystallin quaternary structure. A three-layer tetrahedral model J Mol Biol 192 711–724 Occurrence Handle3586011 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaL2sXhvFWgtLo%3D Occurrence Handle10.1016/0022-2836(86)90023-9

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • P Thampi EC Abraham (2003) ArticleTitleInfluence of the C-terminal residues on oligomerization of alpha A-crystallin Biochemistry 42 11857–11863 Occurrence Handle14529298 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXnt1Olur0%3D Occurrence Handle10.1021/bi030129w

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • JA Thomson RC Augusteyn (1983) ArticleTitlealpha m-Crystallin: the native form of the protein? Exp Eye Res 37 367–377 Occurrence Handle6641820 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaL2cXhvFGnsA%3D%3D Occurrence Handle10.1016/0014-4835(83)90173-2

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • JA Thomson RC Augusteyn (1984) ArticleTitleOn the structure of alpha m-crystallin. The reversibility of urea dissociation J Biol Chem 259 4339–4345 Occurrence Handle6707007 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaL2cXhslShtbs%3D

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Y Ueda C Fukiage M Shih TR Shearer LL David (2002) ArticleTitleMass measurements of C-terminally truncated alpha-crystallins from two-dimensional gels identify Lp82 as a major endopeptidase in rat lens Mol Cell Proteomics 1 357–365 Occurrence Handle12118077 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38XlslWhsrs%3D Occurrence Handle10.1074/mcp.M200007-MCP200

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Y Ueda AL McCormack TR Shearer LL David (2001) ArticleTitlePurification and characterization of lens specific calpain (Lp82) from bovine lens Exp Eye Res 73 625–637 Occurrence Handle11747363 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3MXptFWrtLc%3D Occurrence Handle10.1006/exer.2001.1071

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • PJ van den Oetelaar PF van Someren JA Thomson RJ Siezen HJ Hoenders (1990) ArticleTitleA dynamic quaternary structure of bovine alpha-crystallin as indicated from intermolecular exchange of subunits Biochemistry 29 3488–3493 Occurrence Handle2354148 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK3cXhsFeru74%3D Occurrence Handle10.1021/bi00466a010

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • FJ van der Ouderaa WW de Jong H Bloemendal (1973) ArticleTitleThe amino-acid sequence of the alphaA2 chain of bovine alpha-crystallin Eur J Biochem 39 207–222 Occurrence Handle4770792 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaE2cXjsVGiuw%3D%3D Occurrence Handle10.1111/j.1432-1033.1973.tb03119.x

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • MT Walsh AC Sen B Chakrabarti (1991) ArticleTitleMicellar subunit assembly in a three-layer model of oligomeric alpha-crystallin J Biol Chem 266 20079–20084 Occurrence Handle1939070 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK3MXlslOksr4%3D

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • VC Wasinger SJ Cordwell A Cerpa-Poljak JX Yan AA Gooley MR Wilkins MW Duncan R Harris KL Williams I Humphrey-Smith (1995) ArticleTitleProgress with gene-product mapping of the Mollicutes: Mycoplasma genitalium Electrophoresis 16 1090–1094 Occurrence Handle7498152 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK2MXntF2lsLg%3D Occurrence Handle10.1002/elps.11501601185

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • G Wistow (1985) ArticleTitleDomain structure and evolution in alpha-crystallins and small heat-shock proteins FEBS Lett 181 1–6 Occurrence Handle3972098 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaL2MXhs1antrs%3D Occurrence Handle10.1016/0014-5793(85)81102-9

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • G Wistow (1993) ArticleTitlePossible tetramer-based quaternary structure for alpha-crystallins and small heat shock proteins Exp Eye Res 56 729–732 Occurrence Handle8595815 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK3sXltFWltbo%3D Occurrence Handle10.1006/exer.1993.1090

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Core Facility Protein Analysis, Berlin, Germany

    W. Hoehenwarter, R. Ackermann, U. Zimny-Arndt & P. R. Jungblut

  2. Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Illinois, U.S.A.

    N. M. Kumar

Authors
  1. W. Hoehenwarter
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. R. Ackermann
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. U. Zimny-Arndt
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. N. M. Kumar
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. P. R. Jungblut
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Hoehenwarter, W., Ackermann, R., Zimny-Arndt, U. et al. The necessity of functional proteomics: protein species and molecular function elucidation exemplified by in vivo alpha A crystallin N-terminal truncation. Amino Acids 31, 317–323 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00726-005-0377-4

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00726-005-0377-4

Search

Navigation