Abstract
Starch is a water-insoluble polyglucan synthesized inside the plastid stroma within plant cells, serving a crucial role in the carbon budget of the whole plant by acting as a short-term and long-term store of energy. The highly complex, hierarchical structure of the starch granule arises from the actions of a large suite of enzyme activities, in addition to physicochemical self-assembly mechanisms. This review outlines current knowledge of the starch biosynthetic pathway operating in plant cells in relation to the micro- and macro-structures of the starch granule. We highlight the gaps in our knowledge, in particular, the relationship between enzyme function and operation at the molecular level and the formation of the final, macroscopic architecture of the granule.
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Abbreviations
- ADP-Glc:
-
ADP-glucose
- AFM:
-
Atomic force microscopy
- AGPase:
-
ADP-Glc pyrophosphorylase
- ae − :
-
amylose extender
- CBM:
-
Carbohydrate binding module
- 13C-CP/MAS NMR:
-
Cross polarization/magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance
- DAP:
-
Days after pollination
- DBE:
-
Debranching enzyme
- D-enzyme:
-
Disproportionating enzyme
- DP:
-
Degree of polymerization
- ESV:
-
Early starvation
- GBSSI:
-
Granule-bound starch synthase
- GH:
-
Glycoside hydrolase family
- Glc:
-
Glucose
- Glc1P:
-
α-D-glucose 1-phosphate
- GWD:
-
Glucan water dikinase
- ISA:
-
Isoamylase
- LDA:
-
Limit dextrinase
- LSF:
-
Like Sex4
- MOS:
-
Malto-oligosaccharides
- PTST:
-
Protein targeting to starch
- PWD:
-
Phospho-glucan water dikinase
- SAXS:
-
Small angle X-ray scattering
- SBE:
-
Starch branching enzyme
- SDS-PAGE:
-
Sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis
- SP:
-
Starch phosphorylase
- SS:
-
Starch synthase
- TEM:
-
Transmission electron microscopy
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The authors gratefully acknowledge funding from a Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada Discovery Grant (435781).
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Goren, A., Ashlock, D. & Tetlow, I.J. Starch formation inside plastids of higher plants. Protoplasma 255, 1855–1876 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00709-018-1259-4
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00709-018-1259-4