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Calcium alleviates cadmium-induced inhibition on root growth by maintaining auxin homeostasis in Arabidopsis seedlings

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Abstract

Cadmium (Cd) toxicity has been widely studied in different plant species. However, the mechanism involved in its toxicity and the cell response to Cd has not been well established. In the present study, we investigated the possible mechanism of calcium (Ca) in protecting Arabidopsis from Cd toxicity. The results showed that 50 μM Cd significantly inhibited the seedling growth and decreased the chlorophyll content in Arabidopsis. Specifically, the primary root (PR) length was decreased but the lateral root (LR) number was increased under Cd stress. Furthermore, Cd enhanced the hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) content and lipid peroxidation as indicated by malondialdehyde (MDA) accumulation. Cd also altered the level and the distribution of auxin in PR tips (as evidenced by DR5::GUS and PIN:GFP reporter expression) and the expression of several putative auxin biosynthetic, catabolic, and transport pathway-related genes. Application of 3 mM Ca alleviated the inhibition of Cd on the root growth. Ca application not only led to reducing oxidative injuries but also restoring the normal auxin transport and distribution in Arabidopsis root under Cd stress. Taken together, these results suggest that Ca alleviates the root growth inhibition caused by Cd through maintaining auxin homeostasis in Arabidopsis seedlings.

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Abbreviations

APX:

Ascorbate peroxidase

Aux/IAA:

Auxin/indole-3-acetic acid

Ca:

Calcium

CAT:

Catalase

CAX2:

Calcium exchanger 2

Cd:

Cadmium

CPx-ATPases:

A class of P-type ATPases that pump heavy metals

EDTA:

Ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid

EGTA:

Ethylene glycol-bis(β-aminoethyl ether)-N,N,N′,N′-tetraacetic acid

GH3:

Gretchen Hagen3

GSH:

Glutathione

GUS:

β-Glucuronidase

H2O2 :

Hydrogen peroxide

HMA4:

Heavy metal-associated domains 4

IAA:

Indole-3-acetic acid

IAM:

Indole-3-acetamide

IAN:

Indole-3-acetonitrile

IAOx:

Indole-3-acetaldoxime

IBA:

Indole-3-butyric acid

IPA:

Indole-3-pyruvic acid

IRT1:

Iron-regulated transporter

LCT1:

Low-affinity cation transporter

LR:

Lateral root

1/2MS:

Half-strength Murashige and Skoog

NIT:

Nitrilases

PIN:

PIN-FORMED

POD:

Peroxidase

PR:

Primary root

ROS:

Reactive oxygen species

SIMR:

Stress-induced morphogenic response

SOD:

Superoxide dismutase

TAA:

Aminotransferase

TAM:

Tryptamine

TCA:

Trichloroacetic acid

Trp:

Tryptophan

X-Gluc:

5-Bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl-β-d-glucuronic acid

WT:

Wild-type

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Acknowledgments

This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31170225; 31201145), National Program on Key Basic Research Project (2012CB026105), Foundation of Science and Technology Program of Gansu Province (1208RJZA224), the National High Technology Research and Development Program (2007AA021401), and Foundation of Science and Technology Program of Gansu Province (1107RJYA005).

Author contribution

Yurong Bi was the mastermind, designed all experiments and polished the manuscript; Ping Li wrote the manuscript, carried out the quantitative reverse transcription PCR analysis, confocal microscopy, and fluorescence intensity analysis; Chengzhou Zhao measured H2O2, TBARS content, and enzyme activity; Xiaoyu Wang measured the fresh weight and the chlorophyll content and element content; Jianfeng Wang and Feng Wang carried out the determination of the IAA oxidase activity; Yongqiang Zhang and Xiaomin Wang helped in drafting the manuscript and interpretation of the results. All authors have read and approved the final manuscript.

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, People’s Republic of China

    Ping Li, Chengzhou Zhao, Yongqiang Zhang, Xiaomin Wang, Xiaoyu Wang, Jianfeng Wang, Feng Wang & Yurong Bi

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  1. Ping Li
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  2. Chengzhou Zhao
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  3. Yongqiang Zhang
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  7. Feng Wang
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  8. Yurong Bi
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Correspondence to Yurong Bi.

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Handling Editor: Bhumi Nath Tripathi

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Li, P., Zhao, C., Zhang, Y. et al. Calcium alleviates cadmium-induced inhibition on root growth by maintaining auxin homeostasis in Arabidopsis seedlings. Protoplasma 253, 185–200 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00709-015-0810-9

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