Randomised controlled trial (RCT)
|
All-cause mortality
|
Cardiovascular disease mortality
|
Major adverse cardiovascular eventsa
|
Total myocardial infarction
|
Nonfatal myocardial infarction
|
Total stroke
|
Nonfatal stroke
|
---|
n
|
Rate
|
n
|
Rate
|
n
|
Rate
|
n
|
Rate
|
n
|
Rate
|
n
|
Rate
|
n
|
Rate
|
---|
UGDP
|
21
|
14.6
|
10
|
7.0
|
–
|
–
|
–
|
–
|
–
|
–
|
–
|
–
|
–
|
–
|
UKPDS 33
|
213
|
18.9
|
–
|
–
|
–
|
–
|
186
|
17.4
|
101
|
9.5
|
55
|
5.0
|
44
|
4.0
|
DCGP
|
147
|
48.0
|
–
|
–
|
–
|
–
|
75
|
27.3
|
–
|
–
|
50
|
17.4
|
–
|
–
|
STENO-2
|
15
|
24.0
|
7
|
11.2
|
–
|
–
|
–
|
–
|
17
|
27.2
|
–
|
–
|
20
|
32.1
|
JDCS
|
43
|
5.4
|
–
|
–
|
–
|
–
|
–
|
–
|
–
|
–
|
75
|
9.5
|
–
|
–
|
VADT
|
95
|
18.9
|
29
|
5.8
|
–
|
–
|
78
|
15.5
|
–
|
–
|
36
|
7.2
|
–
|
–
|
PROactive
|
186
|
24.5
|
–
|
–
|
–
|
–
|
–
|
–
|
144
|
19.0
|
107
|
14.1
|
–
|
–
|
LOOK AHEAD
|
202
|
8.6
|
57
|
2.4
|
283
|
12.5
|
191
|
8.4
|
183
|
8.0
|
80
|
3.4
|
–
|
–
|
RECORD
|
157
|
12.8
|
71
|
5.8
|
165
|
13.5
|
56
|
4.6
|
–
|
–
|
63
|
5.1
|
–
|
–
|
ADVANCE
|
533
|
19.1
|
–
|
–
|
590
|
21.2
|
337
|
12.1
|
–
|
–
|
246
|
8.8
|
–
|
–
|
ACCORD
|
203
|
11.4
|
94
|
5.6
|
371
|
22.9
|
–
|
–
|
235
|
14.5
|
–
|
–
|
61
|
3.7
|
ADDITION
|
92
|
12.5
|
–
|
–
|
–
|
–
|
–
|
–
|
–
|
–
|
–
|
–
|
–
|
–
|
HEART2D
|
102
|
33.9
|
86
|
28.6
|
–
|
–
|
126
|
41.9
|
103
|
34.2
|
37
|
12.3
|
35
|
11.6
|
ORIGIN
|
965
|
26.0
|
576
|
15.5
|
1013
|
28.5
|
326
|
9.0
|
–
|
–
|
319
|
8.8
|
–
|
–
|
TECOS
|
537
|
24.5
|
366
|
16.7
|
746
|
36.2
|
316
|
15.1
|
–
|
–
|
183
|
8.7
|
–
|
–
|
TOSCA
|
105
|
7.5
|
–
|
–
|
–
|
–
|
–
|
–
|
45
|
3.0
|
–
|
–
|
40
|
2.5
|
EXAMINE
|
173
|
43.1
|
130
|
32.4
|
316
|
78.6
|
–
|
–
|
–
|
–
|
–
|
–
|
–
|
–
|
CANVAS
|
307
|
19.5
|
201
|
12.8
|
496
|
31.5
|
198
|
12.6
|
183
|
11.6
|
151
|
9.6
|
132
|
8.4
|
SAVOR-TIMI
|
378
|
21.0
|
260
|
14.5
|
609
|
36.0
|
278
|
17.0
|
–
|
–
|
–
|
–
|
–
|
–
|
LEADER
|
447
|
25.0
|
278
|
16.0
|
694
|
39.0
|
339
|
19.0
|
317
|
18.0
|
199
|
11.0
|
177
|
10.0
|
ALECARDIO
|
138
|
19.1
|
98
|
13.6
|
360
|
49.9
|
–
|
–
|
239
|
33.1
|
–
|
–
|
50
|
6.9
|
ELIXA
|
223
|
33.0
|
158
|
24.0
|
–
|
–
|
261
|
41.0
|
–
|
–
|
60
|
9.0
|
–
|
–
|
EMPAREG
|
194
|
28.6
|
137
|
20.2
|
282
|
43.9
|
–
|
–
|
–
|
–
|
69
|
10.5
|
60
|
9.1
|
EXSCEL
|
584
|
23.0
|
383
|
15.0
|
905
|
40.0
|
493
|
21.0
|
–
|
–
|
218
|
9.0
|
–
|
–
|
SUSTAIN-6
|
60
|
17.6
|
46
|
13.5
|
146
|
44.0
|
–
|
–
|
64
|
19.2
|
–
|
–
|
44
|
13.1
|
DEVOTE
|
423
|
28.0
|
278
|
18.4
|
681
|
45.0
|
–
|
–
|
313
|
23.7
|
–
|
–
|
150
|
10.7
|
- Trials are listed by starting calendar year (older to newer) and number of participants (largest to smallest); their references are reported in the supplementary material. Data shown for control arm (except DEVOTE, TOSCA, HEART2D where arms were combined)
- n number of events; rate are per 1000 person-years
- a3-Point major adverse cardiovascular events: cardiovascular death, nonfatal myocardial infarction, nonfatal stroke (details are reported in Supplementary Table S3)