Pain
|
Onset of pain <20 or >50 years old
|
Austria, Europe, Malaysia, Norway, Philippine, Spain
|
Constant, progressive, nonmechanical pain
|
Canada, Europe, Philippine
|
No pain relief with bed rest
|
Europe
|
Thoracic (or abdominal) pain
|
Austria, Europe, Malaysia, Philippine, Spain
|
(Continuous) Pain at resta
|
Austria, Canada, Malaysia, New Zealand, Norway
|
(Increasing) Pain at nighta,c
|
Canada, Malaysia, New Zealand
|
Pain increase in flexion
|
Austria
|
Increasing pain despite treatment
|
Austria
|
Pain at night that is not eased by a prone position (or increasing in supine position)a
|
Philippine
|
History of malignancies/cancera
|
Austria, Canada, Europe, Malaysia, New Zealand, Norway, Philippine, Spain
|
(Unexplained/unintentional) Weight lossa
|
Austria, Canada, Europe, Malaysia, New Zealand, Norway, Philippine
|
Fever ≥38 °Ca,c
|
Austria, Canada, Europe, Malaysia, New Zealand, Philippine, Spain
|
General malaisea
|
Austria, Norway, Spain
|
Elevated erythrocyte sedimentation (ESR)a
|
Norway
|
Age over 50 yearsa
|
New Zealand
|
(History of) Major/significant traumab
|
Austria, Europe, Malaysia, New Zealand, Norway, Philippine, Spain
|
(Structural spinal) deformityb
|
Austria, Europe, Malaysia, Norway, Spain
|
(Systemic) Use of steroidsb
|
Malaysia, New Zealand,
|
Osteoporosisb
|
Austria, Malaysia
|
Intravenous drug abuse/drug addictionc
|
Austria, Europe, Malaysia, New Zealand, Norway, Spain
|
Use of corticosteroids or immunosuppressant therapyc
|
Austria, Europe, Norway, Philippine, Spain
|
Immunodeficiency/HIV/AIDSc
|
Austria, Europe, Malaysia, Philippine, Spain
|
Saddle anesthesia/perineal numbnessd
|
Malaysia, Philippine
|
(Sudden onset) Bladder dysfunction (e.g. urinary retention, overflow incontinence)d
|
Malaysia, Philippine
|
(Wide) Spread sensory deficit (in lower limbs)d
|
Austria, Canada, Europe, Norway, Spain
|
Progressive weakness in lower limbs/lower motor neuron weaknessd
|
Malaysia
|
Gait disturbance/abnormalityd
|
Malaysia
|
Progressive weakness in lower limbs/lower motor neuron weaknessd
|
Malaysia
|
Significant limitation of lumbar flexion
|
Malaysia, Philippine
|
Not flexion of 5th lumbar spine
|
Spain
|
Morning stiffness
|
Norway
|