Abstract
This paper evaluates the potential of five modeling approaches, namely M5 model tree, random forest, artificial neural networks, support vector machines and Gaussian processes, for the prediction of unconfined compressive strength of stabilized pond ashes with lime and lime sludge. The study not only presents five models for the same set of data but also compares the overall performance of them. Dataset used consists of 255 samples acquired from laboratory experiments. Out of the total, 170 randomly chosen samples were used for training and remaining 85 were used for testing the models. Input dataset consists of eight parameters (uniformity coefficient, coefficient of curvature, maximum dry density, optimum moisture content, lime, lime sludge, curing period and 7-day soaked California bearing ratio), while the output is UCS value at 7, 28, 45, 90 and 180 days of curing. Comparisons of results propose that Gaussian processes modeling strategy works well and the overall performance was substantially nearer to the exact agreement line. As a result of GP model, higher value of CC = 0.997 and lower values of RMSE = 23.016 kPa and MAE = 16.455 were obtained for testing the dataset. Sensitivity analysis suggests that lime, lime sludge, curing period and California bearing ratio are the significant parameters for predicting the unconfined compressive strength of stabilized pond ashes. The results confirmed that GP models are in a position to predict the unconfined compressive strength of stabilized pond ashes with an excessive degree of accuracy; however, GP modeling approach proves that this approach is more economical and less difficult in comparison with tedious laboratory work.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Akbulut S, Kalkan E, Celik S (2003) Artificial neural networks to estimate the shear strength of compacted soil samples. In: International conference on new developments in soil mechanics and geotechnical engineering, Lefkosa, TRNC
Lee SJ, Lee SR, Kim YS (2003) An approach to estimate unsaturated shear strength using artificial neural network and hyperbolic formulation. Comput Geotech 30(6):489–503. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0266-352X(03)00058-2
Sivrikaya O, Togrol E, Komur M (2004) Determination of unconfined compressive strength by artificial neural network. In: 10th national congress of soil mechanics and foundation engineering, Istanbul, Turkey
Majdi A, Rezaei M (2013) Prediction of unconfined compressive strength of rock surrounding a roadway using artificial neural network. Neural Comput Appl 23:381–389. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00521-012-0925-2
Ceryan N, Okkan U, Kesimal A (2013) Prediction of unconfined compressive strength of carbonate rocks using artificial neural networks. Environ Earth Sci 68:807–819. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-012-1783-z
Sathyapriya S, Arumairaj PD, Ranjini D (2017) Prediction of unconfined compressive strength of a stabilised expansive clay soil using ANN and regression analysis (SPSS). Asian J Res Soc Sci Humanit 7(2):109–123. https://doi.org/10.5958/2249-7315.2017.00075.2
Zhao HB (2008) Slope reliability analysis using a support vector machine. Comput Geotech 35:459–467. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2007.08.002
Samui P (2008) Support vector machine applied to settlement of shallow foundations on cohesionless soils. Comput Geotech 35(3):419–427. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2007.06.014
Lee CY, Chern SG (2013) Application of a support vector machine for liquefaction assessment. J Mar Sci Technol 21(3):318–324. https://doi.org/10.6119/JMST-012-0518-3
Sabat AK (2015) Prediction of California bearing ratio of a stabilized expansive soil using artificial neural network and support vector machine. Electron J Geotech Eng 20:981–991
Lamorski K, Pachepsky Y, Sławiński C, Walczak RT (2008) Using support vector machines to develop pedotransfer functions for water retention of soils in Poland. Soil Sci Soc Am J 72(5):1243–1247. https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj2007.0280N
Pal M, Deswal S (2010) Modelling pile capacity using Gaussian process regression. Comput Geotech 37(7–8):942–947. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2010.07.012
Hoang ND, Pham AD, Nguyen QL, Pham QN (2016) Estimating compressive strength of high performance concrete with Gaussian process regression model. Adv Civ Eng. https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/2861380
Leshem G, Ritov Y (2007) Traffic flow prediction using adaboost algorithm with random forests as a weak learner. In: Proceedings of world academy of science, engineering and technology, vol 21, pp 193–198
Polishchuk PG, Muratov EN, Artemenko AG, Kolumbin OG, Muratov NN, Kuzmin VE (2009) Application of random forest approach to QSAR prediction of aquatic toxicity. J Chem Inf Model 49(11):2481–2488
Herrera M, Torgo L, Izquierdo J, Pérez-García R (2010) Predictive models for forecasting hourly urban water demand. J Hydrol 387(1–2):141–150
Bhattacharya B, Solomatine DP (2003) Neural networks and M5 model trees in modelling water level-discharge relationship for an Indian river. In: European symposium on artificial neural networks, Bruges (Belgium), pp 407–412
Solomatine DP, Dulal KN (2003) Model trees as an alternative to neural networks in rainfall-runoff modelling. Hydrol Sci J 48(3):399–411
Solomatine DP (2003) Mixtures of simple models vs ANNs in hydrological modelling. In: Design and application of hybrid intelligent systems. IOS Press, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, pp 76–85
Solomatine DP, Siek MB (2004) Flexible and optimal M5 model trees with applications to flow predictions. In: Proceedings of 6th international conference on hydroinformatics. World Scientific Press, Singapore
Solomatine DP, Xue Y (2004) M5 model trees compared to neural networks: application to flood forecasting in the upper reach of the Huai River in China. J Hydrol Eng 9(6):491–501
Pal M, Deswal S (2009) M5 model tree based modelling of reference evapotranspiration. Hydrol Process 30(10):1437–1443
Quinlan JR (1992) Learning with continuous classes. In: Proceedings of Australian joint conference on artificial intelligence. World Scientific Press, Singapore, pp 343–348
Seeger M, Williams CKI, Lawrence ND (2003) Fast forward selection to speed up sparse Gaussian process regression. In: Bishop CM, Frey BJ (eds) Proceedings of the ninth international workshop on artificial intelligence and statistics
Vapnik VN (1995) The nature of statistical learning theory. Springer, New York
Breiman L (2001) Random forest. Mach Learn 45(1):5–32
Khandelwal M, Singh TN (2009) Prediction of blast-induced ground vibration using artificial neural network. Int J Rock Mech Min 46(7):1214–1222. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2009.03.004
Singh TN, Kanchan R, Saigal K, Verma AK (2004) Prediction of p-wave velocity and anisotropic properties of rock using artificial neural networks technique. J Sci Ind Res India 63(1):32–38
Vapnik VN (1998) Statistical learning theory. Wiley, New York
Smola AJ (1996) Regression estimation with support vector learning machines. Master’s Thesis, Technische Universitat Munchen, Germany
Rasmussen CE, Williams CKI (2006) Gaussian processes for machine learning. MIT Press, Cambridge
ASTM C618-08a (2008) Standard specification for coal fly ash and raw or calcined natural pozzolan for use in concrete. Annual book of ASTM standards. ASTM C618-08a, West Conshohocken
IS: 2720 (Part-7)-1980 (Reaffirmed 2002) Method of test for soils: determination of water content-dry density relation using light compaction (second revision)
IS: 2720 (Part-16)-1987 (Reaffirmed 2002) Method of test for soils: laboratory determination of CBR (second revision)
IS: 4332 (Part-5)-1970 (Reaffirmed 2006) Methods of test for stabilized soils: determination of unconfined compressive strength of stabilized soils
Suthar M, Aggarwal P (2018) Bearing ratio and leachate analysis of pond ash stabilized with lime and lime sludge. J Rock Mech Geotech Eng 10(4):769–777. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrmge.2017.12.008
Sahu JT, Patel S, Senapati A (2013) Engineering properties of copper slag–fly ash–dolime mix and its utilization in the base course of flexible pavements. J Mater Civ Eng 25(12):1871–1879
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The author declares no conflict of interest.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Suthar, M. Applying several machine learning approaches for prediction of unconfined compressive strength of stabilized pond ashes. Neural Comput & Applic 32, 9019–9028 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00521-019-04411-6
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00521-019-04411-6