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Sensory preferences of supplemented food products among cancer patients: a systematic review

  • Review Article
  • Published:
Supportive Care in Cancer Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Purpose

Oral nutritional supplements and fortified foods, here considered supplemented food products (SFP), are recommended as part of nutrition therapy guidelines to treat malnutrition among cancer patients. However, their successful use is limited by patients’ failure to meet recommended intakes. This systematic review aimed to identify sensory preferences for SFP among cancer patients and evaluate the methodologies employed in sensory preference assessment.

Methods

A systematic search was conducted in several relevant databases yielding 1056 papers of which 19 met the inclusion criteria. Two authors independently selected papers and extracted findings. The included papers were categorized according to the focus of the preference assessment.

Results

Studies comparing sensory preferences for SFP of cancer patients with those of a control group suggested that the liking for SFP by cancer patients differs from healthy participants. Patient heterogeneity in site and stage of tumor, variation in study methodologies, and type of treatment complicated a conclusion regarding the effects of cancer treatment and taste changes on taste preferences. However, some general results were observed among the studies, such as the preference for fresh milk-based supplements when compared with other supplement types.

Conclusion

This review highlighted the need for consistent reporting and control of variables that influence the sensory characteristics of SFP when sensory preferences are assessed in the clinical setting. Attention to these methodological details will enhance the reliability and accuracy of sensory preference assessment among cancer patients for realistic evaluation of SFP targeted to their nutritional needs.

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Acknowledgments

We acknowledge Lea Ruch and Isabella Carneiro for translating a research paper from French and Portuguese language, respectively.

Funding

This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors. BEF received a fellowship from the Mexican Council of Science and Technology (CONACYT).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E1, Canada

    Blanca E. Enriquez-Fernández, Sara Nejatinamini, Vera C. Mazurak & Wendy V. Wismer

  2. University of Alberta Libraries, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada

    Sandra M. Campbell

  3. Department of Agricultural, Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Alberta, 3-18C Agriculture/Forestry Ctr, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E1, Canada

    Wendy V. Wismer

Authors
  1. Blanca E. Enriquez-Fernández
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  2. Sara Nejatinamini
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  3. Sandra M. Campbell
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  4. Vera C. Mazurak
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  5. Wendy V. Wismer
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Contributions

SC performed the literature search. BEF and SN reviewed all search results and generated the first draft of the manuscript. WW and VM guided formation of and contributed text to the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Wendy V. Wismer.

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The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Appendix. Search strategies

Appendix. Search strategies

Database: Epub ahead of print, in-process and other non-indexed citations, Ovid MEDLINE(R) Daily, and Ovid MEDLINE(R) (1946 to present; searched: 26 July 2016); search strategies:

  1. 1.

    (cancer* or neoplasm* or tumor* or tumour* or oncolog* or radiation* or radiotherap* or chemotherap* or metast*).mp. [mp = title, abstract, original title, name of substance word, subject heading word, keyword heading word, protocol supplementary concept word, rare disease supplementary concept word, unique identifier] (3670728)

  1. 2.

    exp. Neoplasms/ (2874307)

  2. 3.

    1 or 2 (3980067)

  3. 4.

    ((food* or diet* or nutrition*) adj3 (therap* or enrich* or supplement*)).ti,ab. [mp = title, abstract, original title, name of substance word, subject heading word, keyword heading word, protocol supplementary concept word, rare disease supplementary concept word, unique identifier] (61084)

  4. 5.

    *functional food/ or fortifi*.ti,ab. or (oral adj3 (nutrit* or supplement* or enrich*)).ti,ab. (19254)

  5. 6.

    Dietary supplements/ (40598)

  6. 7.

    *Food additives/ (3990)

  7. 8.

    Food, fortified/ (8254)

  8. 9.

    *Foods, specialized/ (126)

  9. 10.

    *Vitamins/ (19001)

  10. 11.

    *Trace elements/ (10322)

  11. 12.

    (vitamin* or trace element* or ONS).ti,ab. (189352)

  12. 13.

    4 or 5 or 6 or 7 or 8 or 9 or 10 or 11 or 12 (290193)

  13. 14.

    (exp. *Taste/ or exp. *Odors/) and (prefer*or percept* or perceiv* or blandness or comply* or accept* or complian* or likeability or liking).mp. (1909)

  14. 15.

    ((food or gustat* or taste or tasting or tastes or tasted or flavour* or flavor* or sensor perception* or diet) adj3 (prefer*or percept* or perceiv* or blandness or comply* or accept* or complian* or likeability or liking)).mp. [mp = title, abstract, original title, name of substance word, subject heading word, keyword heading word, protocol supplementary concept word, rare disease supplementary concept word, unique identifier] (3329)

  15. 16.

    14 or 15 (4792)

  16. 17.

    exp. Food preferences/ (11381)

  17. 18.

    Taste perception/ (1035)

  18. 19.

    (palatab* or eating problem* or eating difficult* or swallowing problem* or swallowing difficult*).mp. [mp = title, abstract, original title, name of substance word, subject heading word, keyword heading word, protocol supplementary concept word, rare disease supplementary concept word, unique identifier] (7825)

  19. 20.

    16 or 17 or 18 or 19 (23059)

  20. 21.

    3 and 13 and 20 (106)

Database: Embase (1974 to 2016 July 26); search strategies:

  1. 1.

    (cancer* or neoplasm* or tumor* or tumour* or oncolog* or radiation* or radiotherap* or chemotherap* or metast*).mp. [mp = title, abstract, heading word, drug trade name, original title, device manufacturer, drug manufacturer, device trade name, keyword] (4643768)

  1. 2.

    exp. neoplasm/ (3724477)

  2. 3.

    1 or 2 (5181925)

  3. 4.

    4 ((food* or diet* or nutrition*) adj3 (therap* or enrich* or supplement*)).ti,ab. [mp = title, abstract, heading word, drug trade name, original title, device manufacturer, drug manufacturer, device trade name, keyword] (75281)

  4. 5.

    *functional food/ or fortifi*.ti,ab. or (oral adj3 (nutrit* or supplement* or enrich*)).ti,ab. (24444)

  5. 6.

    diet supplementation/ or supplementation/ or exp. mineral supplementation/ (100653)

  6. 7.

    *diet therapy/ (8837)

  7. 8.

    food additive/ (9144)

  8. 9.

    nutritional support/ (15440)

  9. 10.

    exp. *vitamin supplementation/ (5594)

  10. 11.

    exp. *trace element/ (17740)

  11. 12.

    (vitamin* or trace element* or ONS).ti,ab. (241805)

  12. 13.

    4 or 5 or 6 or 7 or 8 or 9 or 10 or 11 or 12 (410926)

  13. 14.

    (taste/ or “smelling and taste”/ or exp. odor/) and (prefer*or percept* or perceiv* or blandness or comply* or accept* or complian* or likeability or liking).mp. (4689)

  14. 15.

    ((food or gustat* or taste or tasting or tastes or tasted or flavour* or flavor* or sensor perception* or diet) adj3 (prefer*or percept* or perceiv* or blandness or comply* or accept* or complian* or likeability or liking)). mp. [mp = title, abstract, heading word, drug trade name, original title, device manufacturer, drug manufacturer, device trade name, keyword] (4391)

  15. 16.

    14 or 15 (8237)

  16. 17.

    food preference/ (11227)

  17. 18.

    organoleptic property/ or nutritional tolerance/ (1418)

  18. 19.

    (palatab* or eating problem* or eating difficult* or swallowing problem* or swallowing difficult*).mp. [mp = title, abstract, heading word, drug trade name, original title, device manufacturer, drug manufacturer, device trade name, keyword

  19. 20.

    16 or 17 or 18 or 19 (29732)

  20. 21.

    3 and 13 and 20 (292)

Database: EBM reviews: Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (2005 to 27 July 2016), EBM reviews: ACP Journal Club (1991 to June 2016), EBM reviews: Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects (1st quarter 2016), EBM reviews: Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (June 2016), EBM reviews: Cochrane Methodology Register (3rd quarter 2012), EBM reviews: Health Technology Assessment (2nd quarter 2016), EBM reviews: NHS Economic Evaluation Database (1st quarter 2016); search strategies:

  1. 1.

    (cancer* or neoplasm* or tumor* or tumour* or oncolog* or radiation* or radiotherap* or chemotherap* or metast*).ti,ab. (mp = ti, ab, tx, kw, ct, ot, sh, hw] (103931)

  2. 2.

    ((food* or diet* or nutrition*) adj3 (therap* or enrich* or supplement*)).ti,ab. [mp = ti, ab, tx, kw, ct, ot, sh, hw] (7916)

  3. 3.

    *functional food/ or fortifi*.ti,ab. or (oral adj3 (nutrit* or supplement* or enrich*)).ti,ab. (3870)

  4. 4.

    (vitamin* or trace element* or ONS).ti,ab. (14432)

  5. 5.

    2 or 3 or 4 (23726)

  6. 6.

    ((food or gustat* or taste or tasting or tastes or tasted or flavour* or flavor* or sensor perception* or diet) adj3 (prefer*or percept* or perceiv* or blandness or comply* or accept* or complian* or likeability or liking or dislik* or aversion)).mp. [mp = ti, ab, tx, kw, ct, ot, sh, hw] (943)

  7. 7.

    (palatab* or eating problem* or eating difficult* or swallowing problem* or swallowing difficult*).mp. [mp = ti, ab, tx, kw, ct, ot, sh, hw] (773)

  8. 8.

    6 or 7 (1650)

  9. 9.

    1 and 5 and 8 (27)

Note: OVID EBM ALL—no longer accessible in September 2017—search was updated in Wiley Cochrane Library.

Database: PsycINFO (1987 to July week 3 2016); search strategies:

  1. 1.

    (cancer* or neoplasm* or tumor* or tumour* or oncolog* or radiation* or radiotherap* or chemotherap* or metast*).ti,ab. [mp = title, abstract, heading word, table of contents, key concepts, original title, tests, and measures] (59619)

  1. 2.

    exp. neoplasms/ (39844)

  2. 3.

    1 or 2 (62214)

  3. 4.

    ((food* or diet* or nutrition*) adj3 (therap* or enrich* or supplement*)).ti,ab. [mp = title, abstract, heading word, table of contents, key concepts, original title, tests, and measures] (3185)

  4. 5.

    (fortifi* or (oral adj3 (nutrit* or supplement* or enrich*))).ti,ab. (672)

  5. 6.

    dietary supplements/ (1469)

  6. 7.

    *food additives/ (110)

  7. 8.

    *vitamins/ (1719)

  8. 9.

    (vitamin* or trace element* or ONS).ti,ab. (5280)

  9. 10.

    4 or 5 or 6 or 7 or 8 or 9 (9503)

  10. 11.

    (food or gustat* or taste or tasting or tastes or tasted or flavour* or flavor* or sensor perception* or diet).mp. and exp. AVERSION/ [mp = title, abstract, heading word, table of contents, key concepts, original title, tests, and measures] (254)

  11. 12.

    ((food or gustat* or taste or tasting or tastes or tasted or flavour* or flavor* or sensor perception* or diet) adj3 (prefer*or percept* or perceiv* or blandness or comply* or accept* or complian* or likeability or liking or dislik* or aversion)).mp. [mp = title, abstract, heading word, table of contents, key concepts, original title, tests, and measures] (3278)

  12. 13.

    11 or 12 (3396)

  13. 14.

    exp. Food preferences/ or exp. food intake/ (12023)

  14. 15.

    Taste perception/ or exp. olfactory perception/ or exp. odor discrimination/ (10139)

  15. 16.

    palatab*.mp. [mp = title, abstract, heading word, table of contents, key concepts, original title, tests, and measures] (2139)

  16. 17.

    13 or 14 or 15 or 16 (24557)

  17. 18.

    3 and 10 and 17 (21)

Proquest Dissertations and Theses(searched: 2 August 2016):

ti ((food OR gustat* OR taste OR tasting OR tastes OR tasted OR flavor* OR flavor* OR sensor perception* OR diet) AND (prefer* OR percept* OR perceiv* OR blandness OR comply* OR accept* OR complian* OR likeability OR liking OR dislik* OR aversion) OR palatab*) AND all (((food* OR diet* OR nutrition* or oral) AND (therap* OR enrich* OR supplement) OR vitamin* or trace element* or ONS or fortifi*)) AND all (cancer* OR neoplasm* OR tumor* OR tumour* OR oncolog* OR radiation* OR radiotherap* OR chemotherap* OR metast*) = 3

ab ((food OR gustat* OR taste OR tasting OR tastes OR tasted OR flavour* OR flavor* OR sensor perception* OR diet) AND (prefer* OR percept* OR perceiv* OR blandness OR comply* OR accept* OR complian* OR likeability OR liking OR dislik* OR aversion) OR palatab*) AND all (((food* OR diet* OR nutrition* or oral) AND (therap* OR enrich* OR supplement) OR vitamin* or trace element* or ONS or fortifi*)) AND all (cancer* OR neoplasm* OR tumor* OR tumour* OR oncolog* OR radiation* OR radiotherap* OR chemotherap* OR metast*) = 40

SCOPUS (searched: 2 August 2016):

(TITLE (((food* OR diet* OR nutrition*) W/3 (therap* OR enrich* OR supplement*))) OR TITLE (“functional food” OR onl OR “food additive” OR “trace element” OR vitamin*) AND TITLE-ABS-KEY (((food OR gustat* OR taste OR tasting OR tastes OR tasted OR flavour* OR flavor* OR sensory) W/3 (prefer* OR percept* OR perceiv* OR blandness OR comply* OR accept* OR complian* OR liability OR liking))) AND TITLE-ABS-KEY (cancer* OR neoplasm* OR chemotherap* OR tumor* OR tumour* OR radiotherap* OR metasti*)

CINAHL (searched: 2 August 2016)

AGRICOLA (searched: 2 August 2016)

ABI (searched 2 August 2016)

PROSPERO (searched: 2 August 2016)

No hits for line: (taste perception or taste preference or gustat*) and (food supplement* or nutritional supplement* or onl or enrich* food*) and (cancer* or neoplasm* or chemotherap* or radiotherp* or metast* or tumor* or tumor*)

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Enriquez-Fernández, B.E., Nejatinamini, S., Campbell, S.M. et al. Sensory preferences of supplemented food products among cancer patients: a systematic review. Support Care Cancer 27, 333–349 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00520-018-4458-9

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