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A simple two-step method for spatio-temporal design-based balanced sampling

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Abstract

We introduce a two-step method to perform spatio-temporal balanced sampling in a design-based approach. For populations with spatio-temporal trends and with anisotropic effects in the variable of interest, the prediction can be further improved by selecting samples that are well spread over the entire population in space and time. We control the spread of the sample over the population by using the volume of the corresponding three-dimensional Voronoi tessellation. Indeed, spatio-temporal design-based balanced sampling is even more efficient under the presence of a trend and anisotropic effects. We present an intensive simulation study comparing our method to other available methods for spatio-temporal sampling. Finally, we analyze real data by sampling from a population of temperature stations over six European countries.

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Acknowledgements

The authors are thankful to the referees for their many helpful comments that greatly improved this paper. We also wish to acknowledge for the support from Ordered and Spatial Data Center of Excellence of the Ferdowsi University of Mashhad.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Statistics, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran

    Ramin Khavarzadeh & Mohsen Mohammadzadeh

  2. Department of Mathematics, University Jaume I, Castellón, Spain

    Jorge Mateu

Authors
  1. Ramin Khavarzadeh
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  2. Mohsen Mohammadzadeh
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  3. Jorge Mateu
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Correspondence to Mohsen Mohammadzadeh.

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Khavarzadeh, R., Mohammadzadeh, M. & Mateu, J. A simple two-step method for spatio-temporal design-based balanced sampling. Stoch Environ Res Risk Assess 32, 457–468 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00477-017-1409-9

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00477-017-1409-9

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