Abstract
In this research a bench scale rotating biological contactor (RBC) was designed and constructed to produce BC. The effects of variables including rotation speed of the disk, distance between disks, disk type and external aeration on BC productivity were investigated. Results showed that the highest weight of BC produced on the surface of integrated polyethylene discs which rotated at 13 rpm. It was also found that the highest amount of BC was obtained when the space between two adjacent discs was adjusted to 1 cm and the disk number was 16. An aquarium pump was used to investigate the impact of aeration on RBC made of 12 integrated polyethylene discs and operated at optimal rotation speed of 13 rpm. Disk spacing distance was adjusted to 1.5 cm to consider the possible increasing of the thickness of BC film by aeration. Wet weight and dry weight of BC resulted from aerated fermentation increased more than 64 and 47%, respectively as compared to non-aerated RBC. In comparison with static culture, wet weight and dry weight of BC produced in aerated RBC fermentation increased more than 90.7 and 71%, respectively. Nanoscale structure of produced bacterial cellulose was confirmed by SEM analysis.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Hu W, Chen S, Yang J, Li Z, Wang H (2014) Functionalized bacterial cellulose derivatives and nanocomposites. Carbohydr Polym 101:1043–1060
Wahid F, Hu X-H, Chu L-Q, Jia S-R, Xie Y-Y, Zhong C (2018) Development of bacterial cellulose/chitosan based semi-interpenetrating hydrogels with improved mechanical and antibacterial properties. Int J Biol Macromol 122:380–387
Blanco A, Monte MC, Campano C, Balea A, Merayo N, Negro C (2018) Chapter 5-Nanocellulose for industrial use: cellulose nanofibers (CNF), cellulose nanocrystals (CNC), and bacterial cellulose (BC). In: Mustansar Hussain C (ed) Handbook of nanomaterials for industrial applications. Elsevier, USA, pp 74–126
Chawla P, Bajaj I, Survase S, Singhal R (2009) Microbial cellulose: fermentative production and applications. Food Technol Biotechnol 47:107–124
Reddy TRK, Kim H, Park J-W (2016) Renewable biocomposite properties and their applications. In: Poletto M (ed) Composites from renewable and sustainable materials. IntechOpen, pp 177–197. https://doi.org/10.5772/108445
Abeer MM, Mohd Amin MCI, Martin C (2014) A review of bacterial cellulose-based drug delivery systems: their biochemistry, current approaches and future prospects. J Pharm Pharmacol 66(8):1047–1061
Khattak WA, Khan T, Ul-Islam M, Ullah MW, Khan S, Wahid F, Park JK (2015) Production, characterization and biological features of bacterial cellulose from scum obtained during preparation of sugarcane jaggery (gur). J Food Sci Technol 52(12):8343–8349
Bae SO, Sugano Y, Ohi K, Shoda M (2004) Features of bacterial cellulose synthesis in a mutant generated by disruption of the diguanylate cyclase 1 gene of Acetobacter xylinum BPR 2001. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 65(3):315–322
Nguyen VT, Flanagan B, Gidley MJ, Dykes GA (2008) Characterization of cellulose production by a Gluconacetobacter xylinus strain from kombucha. Curr Microbiol 57(5):449–453
Son H-J, Kim H-G, Kim K-K, Kim H-S, Kim Y-G, Lee S-J (2003) Increased production of bacterial cellulose by Acetobacter sp. V6 in synthetic media under shaking culture conditions. Bioresour Technol 86(3):215–219
Kongruang S (2008) Bacterial cellulose production by Acetobacter xylinum strains from agricultural waste products. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 148(1):245–256
Noro N, Sugano Y, Shoda M (2004) Utilization of the buffering capacity of corn steep liquor in bacterial cellulose production by Acetobacter xylinum. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 64:199–205
Pacheco G, Nogueira CR, Meneguin AB, Trovatti E, Silva MCC, Machado RTA, Ribeiro SJL, da Silva Filho EC, da S. Barud H, (2017) Development and characterization of bacterial cellulose produced by cashew tree residues as alternative carbon source. Ind Crops Prod 107:13–19
Çakar F, Katı A, Özer I, Demirbağ DD, Şahin F, Aytekin AÖ (2014) Newly developed medium and strategy for bacterial cellulose production. Biochem Eng J 92:35–40
Islam MU, Ullah MW, Khan S, Shah N, Park JK (2017) Strategies for cost-effective and enhanced production of bacterial cellulose. Int J Biol Macromol 102:1166–1173
Kim Y-J, Kim J-N, Wee Y-J, Park D-H, Ryu H-W (2007) Bacterial cellulose production by Gluconacetobacter sp. RKY5 in a rotary biofilm contactor. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 136–140:529–537
Sharma C, Bhardwaj NK (2019) Bacterial nanocellulose: present status, biomedical applications and future perspectives. Mater Sci Eng C 104:109963
Najafpour GD, Zinatizadeh AAL, Lee LK (2006) Performance of a three-stage aerobic RBC reactor in food canning wastewater treatment. Biochem Eng J 30(3):297–302
Padhi SK, Gokhale S (2014) Biological oxidation of gaseous VOCs–rotating biological contactor a promising and eco-friendly technique. J Environ Chem Eng 2(4):2085–2102
Mohammadkazemi F, Doosthoseini K, Azin M (2015) Effect of ethanol and medium on bacterial cellulose production from Gluconacetobacter xylinus PTCC 1734. Cellul Chem Technol.
Krystynowicz A, Czaja W, Wiktorowska-Jezierska A, Gonçalves-Miśkiewicz M, Turkiewicz M, Bielecki S (2002) Factors affecting the yield and properties of bacterial cellulose. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 29(4):189–195
Bungay H, Serafica G (1999) Production of microbial cellulose using a rotating disk film bioreactor.
Keluskar RP, Ghosh S, Mani MK, Nayak BB (2019) Application of a rotating biological contactor and moving bed biofilm reactor hybrid in Bioremediating Surimi processing wastewater. Proc Natl Acad Sci, India, Sect B 89(4):1471–1478
Bicelli LG, Augusto MR, Giordani A, Contrera RC, Souza TSO (2020) Intermittent rotation as an innovative strategy for achieving Nitritation in rotating biological contactors. Sci Total Environ 736:139675
Tsouko E, Maina S, Ladakis D, Kookos IK, Koutinas A (2020) Integrated biorefinery development for the extraction of value-added components and bacterial cellulose production from orange peel waste streams. Renewable Energy 160:944–954
Liu M, Zhong C, Wu X-Y, Wei Y-Q, Bo T, Han P-P, Jia S-R (2015) Metabolomic profiling coupled with metabolic network reveals differences in Gluconacetobacter xylinus from static and agitated cultures. Biochem Eng J 101:85–98
Tantratian S, Tammarate P, Krusong W, Bhattarakosol P, Phunsri A (2005) Effect of dissolved oxygen on cellulose production by Acetobacter sp. J Sci Res Chula Univ 30(2):179–186
Kouda T, Naritomi T, Yano H, Yoshinaga F (1997) Effects of oxygen and carbon dioxide pressures on bacterial cellulose production by Acetobacter in aerated and agitated culture. J Ferment Bioeng 84(2):124–127
Hwang JW, Yang YK, Hwang JK, Pyun YR, Kim YS (1999) Effects of pH and dissolved oxygen on cellulose production by Acetobacter xylinum BRC5 in agitated culture. J Biosci Bioeng 88(2):183–188
Pa’e N, Zahan K, Muhamad I (2011) Production of biopolymer from Acetobacter xylinum using different fermentation methods. Int J Eng Technol 11:90–97
Najafpour G, Yieng HA, Younesi H, Zinatizadeh A (2005) Effect of organic loading on performance of rotating biological contactors using Palm Oil Mill effluents. Process Biochem 40(8):2879–2884
Alnnasouri M, Lemaitre C, Gentric C, Dagot C, Pons M-N (2011) Influence of surface topography on biofilm development: experiment and modeling. Biochem Eng J 57:38–45
Cortez S, Teixeira P, Oliveira R, Mota M (2013) Bioreactors: rotating biological contactors. In: Flickinger MC (ed) Upstream industrial biotechnology: equipment, process design, sensing, control, and cGMP operations, vol 2, 1st edn. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., pp 1013–1030
Radwan KH, Ramanujam TK (1997) Studies on organic removal of 2,4-dichlorophenol wastewaters using a modified RBC. Bioprocess Eng 16(4):219–223
Guimarães C, Porto P, Oliveira R, Mota M (2005) Continuous decolourization of a sugar refinery wastewater in a modified rotating biological contactor with Phanerochaete chrysosporium immobilized on polyurethane foam disks. Process Biochem 40(2):535–540
Tawfik A, Klapwijk A (2010) Polyurethane rotating disc system for post-treatment of anaerobically pre-treated sewage. J Environ Manage 91(5):1183–1192
Serafica G, Mormino R, Bungay H (2002) Inclusion of solid particles in bacterial cellulose. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 58(6):756–760
Kumar A, Rao KM, Kwon SE, Lee YN, Han SS (2017) Xanthan gum/bioactive silica glass hybrid scaffolds reinforced with cellulose nanocrystals: Morphological, mechanical and in vitro cytocompatibility study. Mater Lett 193:274–278
Ostadhossein F, Mahmoudi N, Morales-Cid G, Tamjid E, Navas F, Soriano-Cuadrado B, Manuel J, López Paniza JM, Simchi A (2015) Development of chitosan/bacterial cellulose composite films containing nanodiamonds as a potential flexible platform for wound dressing. Materials 8:6401–6418
Saini S, Belgacem MN, Bras J (2017) Effect of variable aminoalkyl chains on chemical grafting of cellulose nanofiber and their antimicrobial activity. Mater Sci Eng C 75:760–768
Rachini A, Le Troedec M, Peyratout C, Smith A (2012) Chemical modification of hemp fibers by silane coupling agents. J Appl Polym Sci 123(1):601–610
Acknowledgments
This work was financed by Department of Bioscience and biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry and chemical engineering, Malek Ashtar university of Technology, Tehran, Iran.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
soleimani, A., Hamedi, S., Babaeipour, V. et al. Design, construction and optimization a flexible bench-scale rotating biological contactor (RBC) for enhanced production of bacterial cellulose by Acetobacter Xylinium. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 44, 1071–1080 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00449-021-02510-0
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00449-021-02510-0