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Magmatic reactivation of the Campi Flegrei volcanic system: insights from the Baia–Fondi di Baia eruption

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Abstract

The Baia–Fondi di Baia was a multi-stage, small-scale eruption which occurred in the western part of the Campi Flegrei caldera at 9525–9696 BP, marking the onset of Epoch 2 of post-Neapolitan Yellow Tuff volcanism. The eruption was characterized by a complex series of events related to two distinct eruptive episodes (Baia and Fondi di Baia) separated by a short time interval, and each characterized by several eruptive phases. Mineralogical, geochemical (major, and trace elements on whole rocks, major and volatile elements on matrix glasses, and melt inclusions), and Sr isotope characterization of the tephra material sampled along the entire sequence was carried out in order to constrain magmatic evolution and dynamics of the feeding system. Three main compositional groups were identified in matrix glasses and interpreted as representative of different magma bodies: (i) a trachyte (SiO2 60.3–64.7 wt.%), which is volumetrically predominant; (ii) a tephriphonolite-latite (SiO2: 55.1–57.9 wt.%); and (iii) an intermediate magma group between phonolite and trachyte compositions. This wide compositional heterogeneity contrasts with the narrow variability recognized in the bulk-rock compositions, which are all trachytic. Mineral, melt inclusions, and Sr isotope data suggest that the trachytic magma possibly derived from the Campanian Ignimbrite reservoir located at 6–9 km depth. Volatile content in matrix glass indicates a storage depth of at least 6 km for the tephriphonolite-latitic magma. The intermediate magma is interpreted as being derived from a remelting and assimilation process of a partially crystallized trachytic body (crystal mush) by the hotter tephriphonolite-latitic magma. As the tephriphonolite-latite was erupted together with the trachyte from the beginning of the eruption, we suggest that the ascent of this magma played a fundamental role in triggering the eruption. Upwards through the tephra sequence, we observed a progressive increase of the tephriphonolite-latitic and intermediate phonolite-trachytic components. The presence of banded clasts characterized by different compositions is also indicative of syn-eruptive mingling during the final phases of the eruption.

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Acknowledgements

We thank S. Campagnola for micro-Raman analyses and D. Mazzarella for having provided access to his private properties. We also thank J. Martì and an anonymous reviewer for their constructive comments and C. Bonadonna for editorial handling.

Funding

This study was funded by the “Project V1: Probabilistic Volcanic Hazard Analysis” in the framework of the agreement between Dipartimento di Protezione Civile and Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (Research Unit UNIFI, responsible M. Pistolesi) and by the project "PRA 2018 (Progetti di Ricerca di Ateneo)" of University of Pisa.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand

    Marija Voloschina

  2. Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, Università di Pisa, via Santa Maria, 53, 56126, Pisa, Italy

    Marija Voloschina & Marco Pistolesi

  3. Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione di Pisa, Pisa, Italy

    Antonella Bertagnini, Massimo Pompilio & Alessio Di Roberto

  4. Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris, Paris, France

    Nicole Métrich

  5. Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, Università di Firenze, Florence, Italy

    Sara Di Salvo, Lorella Francalanci & Raffaello Cioni

  6. Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Osservatorio Vesuviano, Naples, Italy

    Roberto Isaia

  7. Dipartimento di Scienze, Università di Roma Tre, Rome, Italy

    Claudia Romano

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  1. Marija Voloschina
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Marco Pistolesi.

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Editorial responsibility: C. Bonadonna

Electronic supplementary material

ESM 1

(PDF 116 kb)

Figure S1

(a) K2O vs SiO2 and (b) CaO vs MgO plots showing comparison between SEM-EDS and EMPA data. (PNG 777 kb)

Figure S2

Diagram of Sr versus CaO with the variability fields for matrix glasses and bulk rocks of the Phlegrean Fields. Data from Georoc database have been plotted after review and improvement. Legend: Post-NYT, post-Neapolitan Yellow Tuff; NYT, Neapolitan Yellow Tuff; Post-CI and pre-NYT, volcanic activity between Neapolitan Yellow Tuff and Campanian Ignimbrite; CI, Campanian Ignimbrite; Pre-CI, pre-Campanian Ignimbrite activity. (PNG 146 kb)

High resolution image (TIF 11857 kb)

Figure S3

Diagram of 87Sr/86Sr versus CaO with the variability fields for matrix glasses and bulk rocks at Campi Flegrei. Data from Georoc database have been plotted after careful review. Legend: Post-NYT, post-Neapolitan Yellow Tuff; NYT, Neapolitan Yellow Tuff; Post-CI and pre-NYT, volcanic activity between Neapolitan Yellow Tuff and Campanian Ignimbrite; CI, Campanian Ignimbrite; Pre-CI, pre-Campanian Ignimbrite activity. Baia and Fondi di Baia data from this work are also reported for comparison. (PNG 140 kb)

High resolution image (TIF 10926 kb)

Table S1

Whole-rock data (major and trace elements) for both Baia and Fondi di Baia samples. (XLSX 12 kb)

Table S2

SEM-EDS matrix glass analyses for both Baia and Fondi di Baia samples on anhydrous base. Totals (not recalculated) are also shown. (XLSX 76 kb)

Table S3

Sr-isotope compositions and SEM-EDS major element analyses (wt.%) of Baia and Fondi di Baia matrix glasses. (XLSX 14 kb)

Table S4

EMPA major element compositions (wt.%) of tephra clasts from Baia and Fondi di Baia matrix glasses used for 87Sr/86Sr analyses. (XLSX 16 kb)

Table S5

Dataset produced with Rhyolite-MELTS simulation of crystal fractionation process of melt batch A. (TXT 62 kb)

Table S6

Dataset produced with Rhyolite-MELTS simulation of crystal fractionation process of melt batch B. (TXT 32 kb)

Table S7

Dataset produced with Rhyolite-MELTS simulation of crystal fractionation process of melt batch C. (TXT 37 kb)

Table S8

Dataset produced with Rhyolite-MELTS simulation of assimilation process of melt batches A and B. (TXT 303 kb)

Table S9

Calculations of limestone contamination of a melt batch A to match B and C compositions. (XLSX 34 kb)

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Voloschina, M., Pistolesi, M., Bertagnini, A. et al. Magmatic reactivation of the Campi Flegrei volcanic system: insights from the Baia–Fondi di Baia eruption. Bull Volcanol 80, 75 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00445-018-1247-8

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00445-018-1247-8

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