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Lithospheric magma dynamics beneath the El Hierro Volcano, Canary Islands: insights from fluid inclusions

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Abstract

At active volcanoes, petrological studies have been proven to be a reliable approach in defining the depth conditions of magma transport and storage in both the mantle and the crust. Based on fluid inclusion and mineral geothermobarometry in mantle xenoliths, we propose a model for the magma plumbing system of the Island of El Hierro (Canary Islands). The peridotites studied here were entrained in a lava flow exposed in the El Yulan Valley. These lavas are part of the rift volcanism that occurred on El Hierro at approximately 40–30 ka. The peridotites are spinel lherzolites, harzburgites, and dunites which equilibrated in the shallow mantle at pressures between 1.5 and 2 GPa and at temperatures between 800 and 950 °C (low-temperature peridotites; LT), as well as at higher equilibration temperatures of 900 to 1100 °C (high-temperature peridotites; HT). Microthermometry and Raman analyses of fluid inclusions reveal trapping of two distinct fluid phases: early type I metasomatic CO2-N2 fluids (X N2 = 0.01–0.18; fluid density (d) = 1.19 g/cm3), coexisting with silicate-carbonate melts in LT peridotites, and late type II pure CO2 fluids in both LT (d = 1.11–1.00 and 0.75–0.65 g/cm3) and HT (d = 1.04–1.11 and 0.75–0.65 g/cm3) peridotites. While type I fluids represent metasomatic phases in the deep oceanic lithosphere (at depths of 60–65 km) before the onset of magmatic activity, type II CO2 fluids testify to two fluid trapping episodes during the ascent of xenoliths in their host mafic magmas. Identification of magma accumulation zones through interpretation of type II CO2 fluid inclusions and mineral geothermobarometry indicate the presence of a vertically stacked system of interconnected small magma reservoirs in the shallow lithospheric mantle between a depth of 22 and 36 km (or 0.67 to 1 GPa). This magma accumulation region fed a short-lived magma storage region located in the lower oceanic crust at a depth of 10–12 km (or 0.26–0.34 GPa). Following our model, the 40–30-ka-old volcanic activity of El Hierro is related to this mantle-based magma system, a system that we propose fed the recent 2011–2012 eruption.

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Acknowledgements

This paper is a part of E.O.’s Ph.D. thesis. We are grateful to L. Becceril, M. Campione, F. Lucchi, N. Malaspina, and V. Zanon for the helpful discussions. We acknowledge A. Risplendente for the assistance during microprobe analyses. Editorial handling by A. Harris and V. Kamenetsky, and reviews by F. Deegan, T. Hansteen, and an anonymous reviewer have considerably improved the manuscript. Funding was provided by the University of Milan Bicocca, FAR-2015 to M.L.F and I.M.V. Raman facilities were provided by the Interdepartmental Center “G. Scansetti” for studies on asbestos and other toxic particulates at the University of Turin.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Dipartimento di Scienze dell’Ambiente e della Terra, Università di Milano Bicocca, 20126, Milan, Italy

    E. Oglialoro, M.L. Frezzotti, C. Tiraboschi & I.M. Villa

  2. Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, Università di Torino, 70125, Turin, Italy

    S. Ferrando

  3. Istituto di Geoscienze e Georisorse, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, 56121, Pisa, Italy

    C. Principe

  4. Istituto per la Dinamica dei Processi Ambientali-sezione di Milano, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, 20131, Milan, Italy

    G. Groppelli

  5. Institut für Geologie, Universität Bern, 3012, Bern, Switzerland

    I.M. Villa

  6. Centro Universitario Datazioni e Archeometria, Università di Milano Bicocca, 20126, Milan, Italy

    I.M. Villa

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Correspondence to M.L. Frezzotti.

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Editorial responsibility: V.S. Kamenetsky

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Oglialoro, E., Frezzotti, M., Ferrando, S. et al. Lithospheric magma dynamics beneath the El Hierro Volcano, Canary Islands: insights from fluid inclusions. Bull Volcanol 79, 70 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00445-017-1152-6

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