Abstract
Organismal phenotypes often co-vary with environmental variables across broad geographic ranges. Less is known about the extent to which phenotypes match local conditions when multiple biotic and abiotic stressors vary at fine spatial scales. Bittercress (Brassicaceae: Cardamine cordifolia), a perennial forb, grows across a microgeographic mosaic of two contrasting herbivory regimes: high herbivory in meadows (sun habitats) and low herbivory in deeply shaded forest understories (shade habitats). We tested for local phenotypic differentiation in plant size, leaf morphology, and anti-herbivore defense (realized resistance and defensive chemicals, i.e., glucosinolates) across this habitat mosaic through reciprocal transplant–common garden experiments with clonally propagated rhizomes. We found habitat-specific divergence in morphological and defensive phenotypes that manifested as contrasting responses to growth in shade common gardens: weak petiole elongation and attenuated defenses in populations from shade habitats, and strong petiole elongation and elevated defenses in populations from sun habitats. These divergent phenotypes are generally consistent with reciprocal local adaptation: plants from shade habitats that naturally experience low herbivory show reduced investment in defense and an attenuated shade avoidance response, owing to its ineffectiveness within forest understories. By contrast, plants from sun habitats with high herbivory show shade-induced elongation, but no evidence of attenuated defenses canonically associated with elongation in shade-intolerant plant species. Finally, we observed differences in flowering phenology between habitat types that could potentially contribute to inter-habitat divergence by reducing gene flow. This study illuminates how clonally heritable plant phenotypes track a fine-grained mosaic of herbivore pressure and light availability in a native plant.
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Acknowledgements
We acknowledge Ian Billick (RMBL), Jennifer Reithel (RMBL), Kailen Mooney (UC-Irvine), and Carol Boggs (University of South Carolina) for advice during the design and data collection phases of this project. We also thank Timothy Morton (University of Chicago) for assistance with glucosinolate profiling. Financial support was provided through the Research Experience for Undergraduate Site Program at the National Science Foundation Division of Environmental Biology (0753774) at the RMBL, to N.K.W. by the RMBL (Research Fellowships 2010–2013), NSF DEB (1256758), the John Templeton Foundation (41855) and the National Institute of General Medical Sciences of the National Institutes of Health under Award Number R35GM119816; to P.T.H. by RMBL Graduate Fellowships (2011–2013), the University of Arizona Center for Insect Science, and NSF DEB (1309493); to A.D.G. by NSF DEB (1405966), an NSF Graduate Research Fellowship, and an RMBL Graduate Fellowship (2011); and to J.F. and S.F. by RMBL undergraduate research awards.
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ADG, ACND, SF, and NKW designed the experiments. ADG, JF, ACND, SF, and NKW carried out the work. PTH and ADG conducted the analyses. PTH, ADG, and NKW wrote the paper.
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Humphrey, P.T., Gloss, A.D., Frazier, J. et al. Heritable plant phenotypes track light and herbivory levels at fine spatial scales. Oecologia 187, 427–445 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00442-018-4116-4
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00442-018-4116-4