Abstract
It has been shown that the milk shark, Rhizoprionodon acutus (Rüppell), is probably a complex of four narrowly distributed cryptic species. To confirm this hypothesis, the oioxenous species of the onchoproteocephalid genus Phoreiobothrium Linton, 1889 was recently used to recognize each shark species of this species complex so that P. nadiae Caira and Jensen, 2015, P. swaki Caira and Jensen, 2015, and P. jahki Caira and Jensen, 2015 were described respectively from Rhizoprionodon cf. acutus 1 off Senegal, R. cf. acutus 2 off northern Australia, and R. cf. acutus 3 off Borneo. Nonetheless, the Phoreiobothrium fauna of R. acutus sensu stricto extending around the Arabian Peninsula remained unknown. In the present study, P. golchini n. sp. is described from the fourth type of this shark species complex, i.e. R. acutus sensu stricto, from the Persian Gulf. Given the oioxeny of the Phoreiobothrium species and the recent phylogeny of the milk shark species complex, if the hypothesis of the allopatric cospeciation of the members of the milk shark species complex and their cestodes is considered, it seems that scolex in Phoreiobothrium can diverge more rapidly in size and morphology than strobila. Furthermore, P. rozatii n. sp. was described from one of the members of the hardnose shark species complex, i.e. Carcharhinus macloti (Müller and Henle), in the Gulf of Oman. This study provides the first data on the occurrence of the species of Phoreiobothrium in the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Caira JN (1985) An emendation of the generic diagnosis of Phoreiobothrium Linton, 1889 (Tetraphyllidea: Onchobothriidae) with a detailed description of bothridia and hooks. Can J Zool 63:1199–1206
Caira JN, Jensen K (2015) Insights on the identities of sharks of the Rhizoprionodon acutus (Elasmobranchii: Carcharhiniformes) species complex based on three new species of Phoreiobothrium (Cestoda: Onchoproteocephalidea). Zootaxa 4059:335–350
Caira JN, Healy CJ, Swanson J (1996) A new species of Phoreiobothrium (Cestoidea: Tetraphyllidea) from the Great Hammerhead shark Sphyrna mokarran and its implications for the evolution of the onchobothriid scolex. J Parasitol 82:431–438
Caira JN, Richmond C, Swanson J (2005) A revision of Phoreiobothrium (Tetraphyllidea: Onchobothriidae) with descriptions of five new species. J Parasitol 91:1153–1174
Caira JN, Jensen K, Waeschenbach A, Olson PD, Littlewood DTJ (2014) Orders out of chaos–molecular phylogenetics reveals the complexity of shark and stingray tapeworm relationships. Int J Parasitol 44:55–73
Caira JN, Jensen K, Ivanov VA (2017) Onchoproteocephalidea II Caira, Jensen, Waeschenbach, Olson & Littlewood, 2014. In: Caira JN, Jensen K (eds) Planetary biodiversity inventory (2008–2017): tapeworms from vertebrate bowels of the earth. University of Kansas, Natural History Museum, Special Publication No. 25, Lawrence, KS, USA, pp. 279–304
Chervy L (2009) Unified terminology for cestode microtriches: a proposal from the international workshops on Cestode systematics in 2002–2008. Folia Parasit 56:199–230
de Chambrier A, Scholz T, Mariaux J, Kuchta R (2017) Onchoproteocephalidea I Caira, Jensen, Waeschenbach, Olson & Littlewood, 2014. In: Caira JN, Jensen K (eds) Planetary biodiversity inventory (2008–2017): tapeworms from vertebrate bowels of the earth. University of Kansas, Natural History Museum, Special Publication No. 25, Lawrence, KS, USA, pp. 251–277
Haseli M (2013) Trypanorhynch cestodes from elasmobranchs from the Gulf of Oman, with the description of Prochristianella garshaspi n. sp. (Eutetrarhynchidae). Syst Parasitol 85:271–279
Healy CJ (2003) A revision of Platybothrium Linton, 1890 (Tetraphyllidea: Onchobothriidae), with a phylogenetic analysis and comments on host-parasite associations. Syst Parasitol 56:85–139
Henderson AC, Reeve AJ, Jabado RW, Naylor GJ (2016) Taxonomic assessment of sharks, rays and guitarfishes (Chondrichthyes: Elasmobranchii) from south-eastern Arabia, using the NADH dehydrogenase subunit 2 (NADH2) gene. Zool J Linn Soc-Lond 176:399–442
Jabado RW, Ebert DA (2015) Sharks of the Arabian seas: an identification guide. The International Fund for Animal Welfare, Dubai, UAE, p 240
Jabado RW, Al Ghais SM, Hamza W, Shivji MS, Henderson AC (2015) Shark diversity in the Arabian/Persian Gulf higher than previously thought: insights based on species composition of shark landings in the United Arab Emirates. Mar Biodivers 45:719–731
Jadhav BV (1993) A new parasite from Onchobothriidae from Bombay. Indian J Helminthol 45:96–99
Naylor GJ, Caira JN, Jensen K, Rosana KAM, White WT, Last PR (2012) A DNA sequence–based approach to the identification of shark and ray species and its implications for global elasmobranch diversity and parasitology. B Am Mus Nat Hist 367:1–262
Shinde GB, Jadhav BV (1987) Phoreiobothrium ratnagiriensis sp. nov. (Cestoda: Onchobothriidae) from Carcharius acutus in India. Indian J Helminthol 39:61–65
Shinde GB, Jadhav BV, Mohekar AD (1984) Phoreiobothrium arabiansi n. sp. (Cestoda: Onchobothriidae) from Carcharius acutus. Indian J Parasitol 8:317–318
Shinde GB, Jadhav DH, Jadhav BV (1990) A new species of the genus Phoreiobothrium (Cestoda: Onchobothriidae) at Bombay, M.S., India. Riv Parassitol 7:99–102
Shinde GB, Motinge RK, Pardeshi KS (1993) On a new species of the genus Phoreiobothrium (Cestoda: Onchobothridae [sic]) from a marine fish, Carcharias acutus at Ratnagiri (M.S.) India. Indian J Helminthol 45:116–119
Funding
The research affairs of the University of Guilan financially supported this work.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
All applicable institutional, national, and international guidelines for the care and use of animals were followed.
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Additional information
Section Editor: Guillermo Salgado-Maldonado
Publisher’s note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Alijanpour Darvishi, F., Haseli, M. Two new species of Phoreiobothrium Linton, 1889 (Cestoda: Onchoproteocephalidea) off southern Iran, completing the puzzle of Phoreiobothrium faunas in Rhizoprionodon acutus species complex. Parasitol Res 118, 2557–2566 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00436-019-06402-x
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00436-019-06402-x