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Environmental drivers of parasite load and species richness in introduced parakeets in an urban landscape

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Abstract

Introduced species represent a threat to native wildlife worldwide, due to predation, competition, and disease transmission. Concurrent introduction of parasites may also add a new dimension of competition, i.e. parasite-mediated competition, through spillover and spillback dynamics. Urban areas are major hotspots of introduced species, but little is known about the effects of urban habitat structure on the parasite load and diversity of introduced species. Here, we investigated such environmental effects on the ectoparasite load, richness, and occurrence of spillback in two widespread invasive parakeets, Psittacula krameri and Myiopsitta monachus, in the metropolitan area of Rome, central Italy. We tested 231 parakeets and found that in both species parasite load was positively influenced by host abundance at local scale, while environmental features such as the amount of natural or urban habitats, as well as richness of native birds, influenced parasite occurrence, load, and richness differently in the two host species. Therefore, we highlight the importance of host population density and habitat composition in shaping the role of introduced parakeets in the spread of both native and introduced parasites, recommending the monitoring of urban populations of birds and their parasites to assess and manage the potential occurrence of parasite-mediated competition dynamics as well as potential spread of vector-borne diseases.

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Acknowledgements

We thank all the people and volunteers from Lipu Wildlife Rescue Centre in Rome for their kind help in collecting data. Two reviewers made valuable comments on a previous ms version.

Funding

Two authors (LA and EM) were funded by two Short Term Scientific Missions by the COST Action ES1304 “Parrotnet - European Network on Invasive Parakeets”.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Wildlife Research Unit, Dipartimento di Agraria, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Naples, Italy

    L. Ancillotto, L. Bosso & D. Russo

  2. Centro Recupero Fauna Selvatica Lipu Roma, Rome, Italy

    V. Studer, F. Manzia & F. Renzopaoli

  3. Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum of London, London, UK

    T. Howard, V. S. Smith, E. McAlister & J. Beccaloni

  4. School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, 24 Tyndall Avenue, Bristol, BS8 1TQ, UK

    D. Russo

  5. Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università degli Studi di Siena, Via P.A. Mattioli 4, 53100, Siena, Italy

    E. Mori

  6. Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei, Palazzo Corsini, Via della Lungara 10, 00165, Rome, Italy

    E. Mori

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  1. L. Ancillotto
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  2. V. Studer
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  3. T. Howard
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  9. L. Bosso
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  10. D. Russo
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  11. E. Mori
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Correspondence to D. Russo.

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Ancillotto, L., Studer, V., Howard, T. et al. Environmental drivers of parasite load and species richness in introduced parakeets in an urban landscape. Parasitol Res 117, 3591–3599 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00436-018-6058-5

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