Morphological and molecular genetic characterization of two Kudoa spp., K. musculoliquefaciens, and K. pleurogrammi n. sp. (Myxosporea: Multivalvulida), causing myoliquefaction of commercial marine fish

Abstract

Genetic characterization of myxosporean species, including members of the genus Kudoa, has advanced dramatically throughout the last decade. This is in stark contrast to those species described further back in time. Kudoa musculoliquefaciens described from the jellied muscle of swordfish, Xiphias gladius, in the western Pacific Ocean off the Sanriku Coast, northern Japan, is one such species. In the present study, multiple pseudocysts (0.66–1.35 mm average length and 0.06–0.10 mm average width) containing K. musculoliquefaciens spores were collected from three host groups: muscle blocks of swordfish caught in the western Pacific Ocean off the Sanriku Coast, or the northern Indian Ocean, and Indo-Pacific sailfish, Istiophorus platypterus, in the western Pacific Ocean off Kochi, western Japan. Subspherical K. musculoliquefaciens spores, 8.0–10.3 μm in width, 7.3–10.0 μm in thickness, 6.4–7.9 μm in sutural thickness, and 5.5–8.1 μm in length, had four subspherical polar capsules, 2.8–4.0 μm in length by 2.2–3.2 μm in width. The kudoid spores found in the different host groups showed morphometric variations to some extent but had essentially identical nucleotide sequences of the ribosomal RNA gene (rDNA), closest to those of Kudoa hemiscylli or Kudoa carcharhini recorded from elasmobranchs in the Indo-Pacific Ocean. Another kudoid species, Kudoa pleurogrammi n. sp., was recorded from the jellied and normal muscles of Atka mackerel, Pleurogrammus monopterygius and Pleurogrammus azonus, fished in the northern Pacific Ocean or northern Sea of Japan. Subquadrate spores found in round-ended pseudocysts (1.15–3.85 mm in length and 0.11–0.26 mm in width) in myofibers were 8.2–9.1 μm in width, 7.1–8.2 μm in thickness, 5.4–7.7 μm in sutural thickness, and 5.6–6.8 μm in length, with four ovoid polar capsules, 2.7–2.9 μm in length by 1.4–2.0 μm in width. Kudoid spores from both jellied and normal muscles or different host fish species had identical 18S or 28S rDNA nucleotide sequences. Thus, molecular genetic characterization of kudoid species with the potential to induce post-mortem myoliquefaction will facilitate the reliable and specific identification of myxosporeans found in either jellied or normal muscles of important commercial fish.