Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the profile of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) in osteosarcomas of the jaws (OSJ). A total of 21 OSJ samples were analyzed in a retrospective and cross-sectional multicenter study. Immunohistochemistry was performed to determine the recognition of TIL such as CD4+, CD8+, granzyme B+ (GrB), programmed cell death protein+ (PD-1), and cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen 4+ (CTLA-4) in intratumoral and peripheral (stromal) regions. Positivity was determined based on the percentage and density of TIL+ per square millimeter [1 = absent (< 25 cells/mm2), 2 = low (25 to 130 cells/mm2), and 3 = high (> 130 cells/mm2)]. The association of TIL density with clinicopathologic data was determined by the Mann-Whitney test (p < 0.05). OSJ were positive for CD8+ cells in 45% (n = 9) of cases, for CD4+ cells in 30% (n = 6) of cases, and for CTLA-4+ in 4.8% (n = 1) of cases, with a score of 2 (low TIL) in all cases. All cases were negative for GrB and PD-1 (score 1). No association was observed between immune infiltrate and clinicopathologic findings. OSJ showed a microenvironment with low TIL, including failure of effectiveness of the antitumor immune response (absence of GrB+ cells), and few cells exhibited immunotherapeutic targets, such as CTLA-4 and PD-1.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
de Arruda JAA, Silva LVO, Kato CNAO, Schuch LF, Batista AC, Costa NL, Tarquinio SBC, Rivero ERC, Carrard VC, Martins MD, Sobral APV, Mesquita RA (2017) A multicenter study of malignant oral and maxillofacial lesions in children and adolescents. Oral Oncol 75:39–45
Paparella ML, Olvi LG, Brandizzi D, Keszler A, Santini-Araujo E, Cabrini RL (2013) Osteosarcoma of the jaw: an analysis of a series of 74 cases. Histopathology 63(4):551–557
Chaudhary M, Chaudhary SD (2012) Osteosarcoma of jaws. J Oral Maxillofac Pathol 16(2):233–238
Chen YM, Shen QC, Gokavarapu S, Ong HS, Cao W, Ji T (2016) Osteosarcoma of the mandible: a site-specific study on survival and prognostic factors. J Craniofac Surg 27(8):1929–1933
Asioli S, Righi A, Rucci P, Tarsitano A, Marchetti C, Bacchini P, Balbi T, Bertoni F, Foschini MP (2017) p16 protein expression and correlation with clinical and pathological features in osteosarcoma of the jaws: experience of 37 cases. Head Neck 39(9):1825–1831
Heymann MF, Lézot F, Heymann D (2017) The contribution of immune infiltrates and the local microenvironment in the pathogenesis of osteosarcoma. Cell Immunol
Liu B, Huang Y, Sun Y, Zhang J, Yao Y, Shen Z, Xiang D, He A (2016) Prognostic value of inflammation-based scores in patients with osteosarcoma. Sci Rep 6:39862
Liu T, Fang XC, Ding Z, Sun ZG, Sun LM, Wang YL (2015) Pre-operative lymphocyte-to-monocyte ratio as a predictor of overall survival in patients suffering from osteosarcoma. FEBS Open Bio 5:682–687
Koirala P, Roth ME, Gill J, Piperdi S, Chinai JM, Geller DS, Hoang BH, Park A, Fremed MA, Zang X, Gorlick R (2016) Immune infiltration and PD-L1 expression in the tumor microenvironment are prognostic in osteosarcoma. Sci Rep 6:30093
Fritzsching B, Fellenberg J, Moskovszky L, Sápi Z, Krenacs T, Machado I, Poeschl J, Lehner B, Szendrõi M, Bosch AL, Bernd L, Csóka M, Mechtersheimer G, Ewerbeck V, Kinscherf R, Kunz P (2015) CD8(+)/FOXP3(+)-ratio in osteosarcoma microenvironment separates survivors from non-survivors: a multicenter validated retrospective study. Oncoimmunology 4(3):e990800
Pardoll DM (2012) The blockade of immune checkpoints in cancer immunotherapy. Nat Rev Cancer 12(4):252–264
Ribas A, Wolchok JD (2018) Cancer immunotherapy using checkpoint blockade. Science 359(6382):1350–1355
Schadendorf D, Hodi FS, Robert C, Weber JS, Margolin K, Hamid O, Patt D, Chen TT, Berman DM, Wolchok JD (2015) Pooled analysis of long-term survival data from phase II and phase III trials of ipilimumab in unresectable or metastatic melanoma. J Clin Oncol 33(17):1889–1894
Zheng B, Ren T, Huang Y, Sun K, Wang S, Bao X, Liu K, Guo W (2018) PD-1 axis expression in musculoskeletal tumors and antitumor effect of nivolumab in osteosarcoma model of humanized mouse. J Hematol Oncol 11(1):16 Erratum in: J Hematol Oncol 2018;11(1):37
van Erp AEM, Versleijen-Jonkers YMH, Hillebrandt-Roeffen MHS, van Houdt L, Gorris MAJ, van Dam LS, Mentzel T, Weidema ME, Savci-Heijink CD, Desar IME, Merks HHM, van Noesel MM, Shipley J, van der Graaf WTA, Flucke UE, Meyer-Wentrup FAG (2017) Expression and clinical association of programmed cell death-1, programmed death-ligand-1 and CD8(+) lymphocytes in primary sarcomas is subtype dependent. Oncotarget 8(41):71371–71384
Gomez-Brouchet A, Illac C, Gilhodes J, Bouvier C, Aubert S, Guinebretiere JM, Marie B, Larousserie F, Entz-Werlé N, de Pinieux G, Filleron T, Minard V, Minville V, Mascard E, Gouin F, Jimenez M, Ledeley MC, Piperno-Neumann S, Brugieres L, Rédini F (2017) CD163-positive tumor-associated macrophages and CD8-positive cytotoxic lymphocytes are powerful diagnostic markers for the therapeutic stratification of osteosarcoma patients: an immunohistochemical analysis of the biopsies fromthe French OS2006 phase 3 trial. Oncoimmunology 6(9):e1331193
Saraf AJ, Fenger JM, Roberts RD (2018) Osteosarcoma: accelerating progress makes for a hopeful future. Front Oncol 8:4
Costa Arantes DA, Gonçalves AS, Jham BC, Duarte ECB, de Paula ÉC, de Paula HM, Mendonça EF, Batista AC (2017) Evaluation of HLA-G, HLA-E, and PD-L1 proteins in oral osteosarcomas. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol 123(6):188–196
El-Naggar AK, Chan JKC, Grandis JR, Takata T, Slootweg PJ (2017) World Health Organization classification of head and neck tumours. IARC Press, Lyon
Teng MW, Ngiow SF, Ribas A, Smyth MJ (2015) Classifying cancers based on T-cell infiltration and PD-L1. Cancer Res 75(11):2139–2145
Webb JR, Milne K, Kroeger DR, Nelson BH (2016) PD-L1 expression is associated with tumor-infiltrating T cells and favorable prognosis in high-grade serous ovarian cancer. Gynecol Oncol 141(2):293–302
Sundara YT, Kostine M, Cleven AH, Bovée JV, Schilham MW, Cleton-Jansen AM (2017) Increased PD-L1 and T-cell infiltration in the presence of HLA class I expression in metastatic high-grade osteosarcoma: a rationale for T-cell-based immunotherapy. Cancer Immunol Immunother 66(1):119–128
Palmerini E, Agostinelli C, Picci P, Pileri S, Marafioti T, Lollini PL, Scotlandi K, Longhi A, Benassi MS, Ferrari S (2017) Tumoral immune-infiltrate (IF), PD-L1 expression and role of CD8/TIA-1 lymphocytes in localized osteosarcoma patients treated within protocol ISG-OS1. Oncotarget 8(67):111836–111846
Ratti C, Botti L, Cancila V, Galvan S, Torselli I, Garofalo C, Manara MC, Bongiovanni L, Valenti CF, Burocchi A, Parenza M, Cappetti B, Sangaletti S, Tripodo C, Scotlandi K, Colombo MP, Chiodoni C (2017) Trabectedin overrides osteosarcoma differentiative block and reprograms the tumor immune environment enabling effective combination with immune checkpoint inhibitors. Clin Cancer Res 23(17):5149–5161
Takahashi Y, Yasui T, Tamari K, Minami K, Otani K, Isohashi F, Seo Y, Kambe R, Koizumi M, Ogawa K (2017) Radiation enhanced the local and distant anti-tumor efficacy in dual immune checkpoint blockade therapy in osteosarcoma. PLoS One 12(12):e0189697
Lussier DM, Johnson JL, Hingorani P, Blattman JN (2015) Combination immunotherapy with α-CTLA-4 and α-PD-L1 antibody blockade prevents immune escape and leads to complete control of metastatic osteosarcoma. J Immunother Cancer 3:21
Lussier DM, O'Neill L, Nieves LM, McAfee MS, Holechek SA, Collins AW, Dickman P, Jacobsen J, Hingorani P, Blattman JN (2015) Enhanced T-cell immunity to osteosarcoma through antibody blockade of PD-1/PD-L1 interactions. J Immunother 38(3):96–106
Burgess M, Gorantla V, Weiss K, Tawbi H (2015) Immunotherapy in sarcoma: future horizons. Curr Oncol Rep 17(11):52
Acknowledgements
The authors thank the Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel (CAPES), the Brazilian National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq), and the Foundation for Research Support in the State of Goiás (FAPEG). ACB, RAM, EFM, and CFWN are research fellows at CNPq. The authors thank the Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel (CAPES). JAAA and SFSC are the recipients of fellowships. Mrs. E. Greene provided English editing of the manuscript.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
PMA, DACA, LLS, SFSC, and JAAA conducted a literature review, organized the data of the clinical cases, and conducted the immunohistochemical reactions, and morphological and immunohistochemical analysis of samples. HARP, RAM, CFWN, and EFM contributed cases from their services, and reviewed and classified, morphologically, all cases. ACB, PMA, and JAAA contributed to the design of the work. FPF was responsible for data interpretation. ACB, PMA, RAM, and HARP contributed to the conception of the work. All authors gave final approval for publication.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
All procedures performed in this study were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.
Conflict of interest
All authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Alves, P.M., de Arruda, J.A.A., Arantes, D.A.C. et al. Evaluation of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes in osteosarcomas of the jaws: a multicenter study. Virchows Arch 474, 201–207 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00428-018-2499-6
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00428-018-2499-6