Abstract
Main conclusion
Plant tissue culture has been used for conservation, micropropagation, and in planta overproduction of some pharma molecules of medicinal plants. New biotechnology-based breeding methods such as targeted genome editing methods are able to create custom-designed medicinal plants with different secondary metabolite profiles.
For a long time, humans have used medicinal plants for therapeutic purposes and in food and other industries. Classical biotechnology techniques have been exploited in breeding medicinal plants. Now, it is time to apply faster biotechnology-based breeding methods (BBBMs) to these valuable plants. Assessment of the genetic diversity, conservation, proliferation, and overproduction are the main ways by which genetics and biotechnology can help to improve medicinal plants faster. Plant tissue culture (PTC) plays an important role as a platform to apply other BBBMs in medicinal plants. Agrobacterium-mediated gene transformation and artificial polyploidy induction are the main BBBMs that are directly dependent on PTC. Manageable regulation of endogens and/or transferred genes via engineered zinc-finger proteins or transcription activator-like effectors can help targeted manipulation of secondary metabolite pathways in medicinal plants. The next-generation sequencing techniques have great potential to study the genetic diversity of medicinal plants through restriction-site-associated DNA sequencing (RAD-seq) technique and also to identify the genes and enzymes that are involved in the biosynthetic pathway of secondary metabolites through precise transcriptome profiling (RNA-seq). The sequence-specific nucleases of transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs), zinc-finger nucleases, and clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats-associated (Cas) are the genome editing methods that can produce user-designed medicinal plants. These current targeted genome editing methods are able to manage plant synthetic biology and open new gates to medicinal plants to be introduced into appropriate industries.
Similar content being viewed by others
Abbreviations
- CENH3:
-
Centromere-specific histone H3
- COSTREL:
-
Combinatorial supertransformation of transplastomic recipient lines
- CRISPR:
-
Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats
- Cas:
-
CRISPR-associated
- DSBs:
-
Double-strand breaks
- GM:
-
Genetically modified
- GWAS:
-
Genome-wide association
- HPLC:
-
High-performance liquid chromatography
- NGS:
-
Next-generation sequencing
- PTC:
-
Plant tissue culture
- PGRs:
-
Plant growth regulators
- QTL:
-
Quantitative trait loci
- sgRNA:
-
Single-guide RNA
- TALENs:
-
Transcription activator-like effector nucleases
- TILLING:
-
Targeting-induced local lesions in genomes
- ZFNs:
-
Zinc-finger nucleases
References
Abdipour M, Ramazani SHR, Younessi-Hmazekhanlu M, Niazian M (2018) Modeling oil content of sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) using artificial neural network and multiple linear regression approaches. J Am Oil Chem Soc 95:283–297. https://doi.org/10.1002/aocs.12027
Ahmadi-Sakha S, Sharifi M, Niknam V, Ahmadian-Chashmi N (2018) Phenolic compounds profiling in shake flask and bioreactor system cell cultures of Scrophularia striata Boiss. Vitro Cell Dev Biol Plant 54:444–453. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11627-018-9899-9
Ahmed MR, Anis M, Al-Etta HA (2015) Encapsulation technology for short-term storage and germplasm exchange of Vitex trifolia L. Rend Lincei 26:133–139. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12210-014-0366-1
Ahuja S, Mandal BB, Dixit S, Srivastava PS (2002) Molecular, phenotypic and biosynthetic stability in Dioscorea floribunda plants derived from cryopreserved shoot tips. Plant Sci 163:971–977. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-9452(02)00246-7
Asthana P, Rai MK, Jaiswal U (2017) Somatic embryogenesis from sepal explants in Sapindus trifoliatus, a plant valuable in herbal soap industry. Ind Crop Prod 100:228–235. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2017.02.034
Atanasov AG, Waltenberger B, Pferschy-Wenzig EM, Linder T, Wawrosch C, Uhrin P, Temml V, Wang L, Schwaiger S, Heiss EH, Rollinger JM (2015) Discovery and resupply of pharmacologically active plant-derived natural products: a review. Biotechnol Adv 33:1582–1614. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biotechadv.2015.08.001
Bahmankar M, Mortazavian SMM, Tohidfar M, Sadat Noori SA, Izadi Darbandi A, Corrado G, Rao R (2017) Chemical compositions, somatic embryogenesis, and somaclonal variation in cumin. Biomed Res Int. https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/7283806
Bai Z, Li W, Jia Y, Yue Z, Jiao J, Huang W, Xia P, Liang Z (2018) The ethylene response factor SmERF6 co-regulates the transcription of SmCPS1 and SmKSL1 and is involved in tanshinone biosynthesis in Salvia miltiorrhiza hairy roots. Planta. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00425-018-2884-z
Bajaj YPS (1988) Cryopreservation and the retention of biosynthetic potential in cell cultures of medicinal and alkaloid-producing plants. In: Bajaj YPS (ed) Medicinal and aromatic plants I. Biotechnology in agriculture and forestry, vol 4. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-73026-9_8
Bal U, Touraev A (2009) Microspore embryogenesis in selected medicinal and ornamental species of the Asteraceae. In: Touraev A, Forster BP, Jain SM (eds) Advances in haploid production in higher plants. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-8854-4_19
Balasubramanian M, Anbumegala M, Surendran R, Arun M, Shanmugam G (2018) Elite hairy roots of Raphanus sativus (L.) as a source of antioxidants and flavonoids. 3 Biotech 8:128. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13205-018-1153-y
Banerjee S (2018) Voyaging through chromosomal studies in hairy root cultures towards unravelling their relevance to medicinal plant research: an updated review. Nucleus. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13237-018-0227-x
Baskaran P, Kumari A, Van Staden J (2015) Embryogenesis and synthetic seed production in Mondia whitei. Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult 121:205–214. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11240-014-0695-x
Baskaran P, Kumari A, Van Staden J (2017) Rapid propagation of Mondia whitei by embryonic cell suspension culture in vitro. S Afr J Bot 108:281–286. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2016.11.009
Baskaran P, Kumari A, Van Staden J (2018a) Analysis of the effect of plant growth regulators and organic elicitors on antibacterial activity of Eucomis autumnalis and Drimia robusta ex vitro-grown biomass. Plant Growth Regul 85:143–151. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10725-018-0380-x
Baskaran P, Kumari A, Van Staden J (2018b) In vitro propagation via organogenesis and synthetic seeds of Urginea altissima (Lf) Baker: a threatened medicinal plant. 3 Biotech. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13205-017-1028-7
Bhattacharyya P, Kumaria S, Bose B, Paul P, Tandon P (2017) Evaluation of genetic stability and analysis of phytomedicinal potential in micropropagated plants of Rumex nepalensis—a medicinally important source of pharmaceutical biomolecules. J Appl Res Med Aromat Plants 6:80–91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jarmap.2017.02.003
Britt AB, Kuppu S (2016) Cenh3: an emerging player in haploid induction technology. Front Plant Sci 7:357. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2016.00357
Canter PH, Thomas H, Ernst E (2005) Bringing medicinal plants into cultivation: opportunities and challenges for biotechnology. Trends Biotechnol 23:180–185. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tibtech.2005.02.002
Castilho CVV, Neto JFF, Leitão SG, Barreto CS, Pinto SC, da Silva NCB (2018) Anemia tomentosa var. anthriscifolia in vitro culture: sporophyte development and volatile compound profile of an aromatic fern. Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult 133:311–323. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11240-018-1383-z
Chahel AA, Zeng S, Yousaf Z, Liao Y, Yang Z, Wei X, Ying W (2018) Plant-specific transcription factor LrTCP4 enhances secondary metabolite biosynthesis in Lycium ruthenicum hairy roots. Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11240-018-1518-2
Chen J, Wang L, Chen J, Huang J, Liu F, Guo R, Yang L, Grabon A, Zhao K, Kong F, Liu C (2018) Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation system for the important medicinal plant Dendrobium catenatum Lindl. Vitro Cell Dev Biol Plant. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11627-018-9903-4
Cordell GA (2011) Sustainable medicines and global health care. Planta Med 77:1129–1138. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0030-1270731
Corrêa JPO, Vital CE, Pinheiro MVM, Batista DS, Saldanha CW, da Cruz ACF, Notini MM, Freitas DMS, DaMatta FM, Otoni WC (2016) Induced polyploidization increases 20-hydroxyecdysone content, in vitro photoautotrophic growth, and ex vitro biomass accumulation in Pfaffia glomerata (Spreng.) Pedersen. Vitro Cell Dev Biol Plant 52:45–55. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11627-016-9746-9
da Silva DPC, Paiva R, Herrera RC, Silva LC, Ferreira GN, dos Reis MV (2018) Somatic embryogenesis of Byrsonima intermedia A. Juss.: induction and maturation via indirect approach. Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult 133:115–122. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11240-017-1366-5
Darvishi E, Kahrizi D, Bahraminejad S, Mansouri M (2016) In vitro induction of α-pinene, pulegone, menthol, menthone and limonene in cell suspension culture of pennyroyal (Mentha pulegium). Cell Mol Biol 62:7–9. https://doi.org/10.14715/cmb/2016.62.3.2
Davey JW, Hohenlohe PA, Etter PD, Boone JQ, Catchen JM, Blaxter ML (2011) Genome-wide genetic marker discovery and genotyping using next-generation sequencing. Nat Rev Genet 12:499–510. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrg3012
Dehghan E, Häkkinen ST, Oksman-Caldentey KM, Ahmadi FS (2012) Production of tropane alkaloids in diploid and tetraploid plants and in vitro hairy root cultures of Egyptian henbane (Hyoscyamus muticus L.). Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult 110:35–44. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11240-012-0127-8
Di W, Jiang X, Xu J, Jia M, Li B, Liu Y (2018) Stress and damage mechanisms in Dendrobium nobile Lindl. protocorm-like bodies during pre-and post-liquid nitrogen exposure in cryopreservation revealed by iTRAQ proteomic analysis. Vitro Cell Dev Biol Plant. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11627-018-9898-x
Dixit-Sharma S, Ahuja-Ghosh S, Mandal BB, Srivastava PS (2005) Metabolic stability of plants regenerated from cryopreserved shoot tips of Dioscorea deltoidea—an endangered medicinal plant. Sci Hort 105:513–517. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2005.02.011
Doebley JF, Gaut BS, Smith BD (2006) The molecular genetics of crop domestication. Cell 127:1309–1321. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2006.12.006
Ebrahimi M, Mokhtari A, Amirian R (2018) A highly efficient method for somatic embryogenesis of Kelussia odorotissima Mozaff., an endangered medicinal plant. Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult 132:99–110. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11240-017-1314-4
Edwards D, Batley J (2010) Plant genome sequencing: applications for crop improvement. Plant Biotechnol J 8:1. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-7652.2009.00459.x
El-Mahrouk ME, Maamoun MK, EL-Banna AN, Omran SA, Dewir YH, El-Hendawy S (2018) In vitro gynogenesis and flow cytometry analysis of the regenerated haploids of black cumin (Nigella sativa). Hort Sci 53:681–686
Espinosa-Leal CA, Puente-Garza CA, García-Lara S (2018) In vitro plant tissue culture: means for production of biological active compounds. Planta. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00425-018-2910-1
Feng S, Song W, Fu R, Zhang H, Xu A, Li J (2018) Application of the CRISPR/Cas9 system in Dioscorea zingiberensis. Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11240-018-1450-5
Fernando SC, Goodger JQ, Gutierrez SS, Johnson AA, Woodrow IE (2016) Plant regeneration through indirect organogenesis and genetic transformation of Eucalyptus polybractea RT Baker. Ind Crop Prod 86:73–78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2016.03.025
Forster BP, Heberle-Bors E, Kasha KJ, Touraev A (2007) The resurgence of haploids in higher plants. Trends Plant Sci 12:368–375. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tplants.2007.06.007
Fuentes P, Zhou F, Erban A, Karcher D, Kopka J, Bock R (2016) A new synthetic biology approach allows transfer of an entire metabolic pathway from a medicinal plant to a biomass crop. Elife 5:e13664. https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.13664
Fuentes P, Armarego-Marriott T, Bock R (2018) Plastid transformation and its application in metabolic engineering. Curr Opin Biotechnol 49:10–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copbio.2017.07.004
Gaj T, Gersbach CA, Barbas IIICF (2013) ZFN, TALEN, and CRISPR/Cas-based methods for genome engineering. Trends Biotechnol 31:397–405. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tibtech.2013.04.004
Gandhi SG, Mahajan V, Bedi YS (2015) Changing trends in biotechnology of secondary metabolism in medicinal and aromatic plants. Planta 241:303–317. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00425-014-2232-x
Gantait S, Kundu S, Ali N, Sahu NC (2015) Synthetic seed production of medicinal plants: a review on influence of explants, encapsulation agent and matrix. Acta Physiol Plant 37:98. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11738-015-1847-2
Gantait S, Kundu S, Yeasmin L, Ali MN (2017) Impact of differential levels of sodium alginate, calcium chloride and basal media on germination frequency of genetically true artificial seeds of Rauvolfia serpentina (L.) Benth. ex Kurz. J Appl Res Med Aromat Plants 4:75–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jarmap.2017.01.005
Germanà MA (2011) Gametic embryogenesis and haploid technology as valuable support to plant breeding. Plant Cell Rep 30:839–857. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00299-011-1061-7
Ghaffarzadeh-Namazi L, Keller EJ, Senula A, Babaeian N (2017) Investigations on various methods for cryopreservation of callus of the medicinal plant Satureja spicigera. J Appl Res Med Aromat Plants 5:10–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jarmap.2016.09.003
Grzegorczyk-Karolak I, Wiktorek-Smagur A, Hnatuszko-Konka K (2018a) An untapped resource in the spotlight of medicinal biotechnology: the genus Scutellaria. Curr Pharm Biotechnol 19:358–371. https://doi.org/10.2174/1389201019666180626105402
Grzegorczyk-Karolak I, Kuźma Ł, Skała E, Kiss AK (2018b) Hairy root cultures of Salvia viridis L. for production of polyphenolic compounds. Ind Crop Prod 117:235–244. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2018.03.014
Guo B, He W, Zhao Y, Wu Y, Fu Y, Guo J, Wei Y (2017) Changes in endogenous hormones and H2O2 burst during shoot organogenesis in TDZ-treated Saussurea involucrate explants. Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult 128:1–8. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11240-016-1069-3
Hannweg K, Visser G, de Jager K, Bertling I (2016) In vitro-induced polyploidy and its effect on horticultural characteristics, essential oil composition and bioactivity of Tetradenia riparia. S Afr J Bot 106:186–191. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2016.07.013
Haque SM, Ghosh B (2016) High-frequency somatic embryogenesis and artificial seeds for mass production of true-to-type plants in Ledebouria revoluta: an important cardioprotective plant. Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult 127:71–83. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11240-016-1030-5
Haque SM, Ghosh B (2018) Micropropagation of Kaempferia angustifolia roscoe: an aromatic, essential oil yielding, underutilized medicinal plant of Zingiberaceae family. J Crop Sci Biotechnol 21:147–153. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12892-017-0051-0
Hesami M, Daneshvar MH (2018a) Indirect Organogenesis through seedling-derived leaf segments of Ficus Religiosa—a multipurpose woody medicinal plant. J Crop Sci Biotech 21:129–136. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12892-018-0024-0
Hesami M, Daneshvar MH (2018b) In vitro adventitious shoot regeneration through direct and indirect organogenesis from seedling-derived hypocotyl segments of Ficus religiosa L.: an important medicinal plant. Hort Sci 53:932–936. https://doi.org/10.21273/HORTSCI13058-18
Hesami M, Daneshvar MH, Yoosefzadeh-Najafabadi M, Alizadeh M (2018a) Effect of plant growth regulators on indirect shoot organogenesis of Ficus religiosa through seedling derived petiole segments. J Genet Eng Biotech 16:175–180. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jgeb.2017.11.001
Hesami M, Daneshvar MH, Yoosefzadeh-Najafabadi M (2018b) An efficient in vitro shoot regeneration through direct organogenesis from seedling-derived petiole and leaf segments and acclimatization of Ficus religiosa. J For Res. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11676-018-0647-0
Hoveida ZS, Abdollahi MR, Mirzaie-Asl A, Moosavi SS, Seguí-Simarro JM (2017) Production of doubled haploid plants from anther cultures of borage (Borago officinalis L.) by the application of chemical and physical stress. Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult 130:369–378. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11240-017-1233-4
Howyzeh MS, Noori SAS, Shariati V, Amiripour M (2018) Comparative transcriptome analysis to identify putative genes involved in thymol biosynthesis pathway in medicinal plant Trachyspermum ammi L. Sci Rep 8:13405. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-31618-9
Huang P, Xu M, Xia L, Qing Z, Tang Q, Liu W, Zeng J (2017) Establishment of an efficient Agrobacterium-mediated genetic transformation method in Macleaya cordata. Sci Hort 226:302–306. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2017.09.004
Iannicelli J, Elechosa MA, Juárez MA, Martínez A, Bugallo V, Bandoni AL, Escandón AS, van Baren CM (2016) Effect of polyploidization in the production of essential oils in Lippia integrifolia. Ind crop prod 81:20–29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2015.11.053
Irshad M, Debnath B, Mitra S, Arafat Y, Li M, Sun Y, Qiu D (2018) Accumulation of anthocyanin in callus cultures of red-pod okra (Abelmoschus esculentus (L) Hongjiao) in response to light and nitrogen levels. Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11240-018-1397-6
Ishkanian AS, Malloff CA, Watson SK, Chi B, Coe BP, Snijders A, Albertson DG, Pinkel D, Marra MA, Ling V, MacAulay C (2004) A tiling resolution DNA microarray with complete coverage of the human genome. Nat Genet 36:299–303. https://doi.org/10.1038/ng1307
Javadian N, Karimzadeh G, Sharifi M, Moieni A, Behmanesh M (2017) In vitro polyploidy induction: changes in morphology, podophyllotoxin biosynthesis, and expression of the related genes in Linum album (Linaceae). Planta 245:1165–1178. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00425-017-2671-2
Jesionek A, Kokotkiewicz A, Krolicka A, Zabiegala B, Luczkiewicz M (2018) Elicitation strategies for the improvement of essential oil content in Rhododendron tomentosum (Ledum palustre) bioreactor-grown microshoots. Ind Crop Prod 123:461–469. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2018.07.013
Jiao J, Gai QY, Wang W, Zang YP, Niu LL, Fu YJ, Wang X (2018) Remarkable enhancement of flavonoid production in a co-cultivation system of Isatis tinctoria L. hairy root cultures and immobilized Aspergillus niger. Ind Crop Prod 112:252–261. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2017.12.017
Kasha KJ (2005) Chromosome doubling and recovery of doubled haploid plants. In: Palmer CE, Keller WA, Kasha KJ (eds) Haploids in crop improvement II. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, pp 123–152. https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-26889-8_7
Kastell A, Schreiner M, Knorr D, Ulrichs C, Mewis I (2018) Influence of nutrient supply and elicitors on glucosinolate production in E. sativa hairy root cultures. Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult 132:561–572. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11240-017-1355-8
Khan S, ur Rahman L (2017) Pathway modulation of medicinal and aromatic plants through metabolic engineering using Agrobacterium tumefaciens. In: Jha S (ed) Transgenesis and secondary metabolism. Reference series in phytochemistry. Springer, Cham, pp 431–462. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-28669-3_15
Khan S, Fahim N, Singh P, Rahman LU (2015) Agrobacterium tumefaciens mediated genetic transformation of Ocimum gratissimum: a medicinally important crop. Ind Crop Prod 71:138–146. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2015.03.080
Kim JY, Adhikari PB, Ahn CH, Kim DH, Kim YC, Han JY, Kondeti S, Choi YE (2017) High frequency somatic embryogenesis and plant regeneration of interspecific ginseng hybrid between Panax ginseng and Panax quinquefolius. J Ginseng Res. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jgr.2017.08.002 (Article in press)
Kovach MJ, Sweeney MT, McCouch SR (2007) New insights into the history of rice domestication. TRENDS Gen 23:578–587. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tig.2007.08.012
Krishnan SS, Siril EA (2017) Auxin and nutritional stress coupled somatic embryogenesis in Oldenlandia umbellata L. Physiol Mol Biol Plants 23:471–475. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12298-017-0425-z
Krishnan PN, Decruse SW, Radha RK (2011) Conservation of medicinal plants of Western Ghats, India and its sustainable utilization through in vitro technology. Vitro Cell Dev Biol Plant 47:110–122. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11627-011-9344-9
Kumar M, Mitra A (2017) Hairy root culture of Nicotiana tabacum (Tobacco) as a platform for gene manipulation of secondary metabolism. In: Malik S (ed) Production of plant derived natural compounds through hairy root culture. Springer, Cham
Kumar SR, Shilpashree HB, Nagegowda DA (2018) Terpene moiety enhancement by overexpression of geranyl (geranyl) diphosphate synthase and geraniol synthase elevates monomeric and dimeric monoterpene indole alkaloids in transgenic Catharanthus roseus. Front Plant Sci. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2018.00942
Kumar V, Moyo M, Van Staden J (2017) Somatic embryogenesis in Hypoxis hemerocallidea: an important African medicinal plant. S Afr J Bot 108:331–336. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2016.08.012
Kumari A, Baskaran P, Plačková L, Omámiková H, Nisler J, Doležal K, Van Staden J (2018) Plant growth regulator interactions in physiological processes for controlling plant regeneration and in vitro development of Tulbaghia simmleri. J Plant Physiol 223:65–71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jplph.2018.01.005
Kundu S, Salma U, Ali MN, Hazra AK, Mandal N (2018) Development of transgenic hairy roots and augmentation of secondary metabolites by precursor feeding in Sphagneticola calendulacea (L.) Pruski. Ind Crop Prod. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2018.05.009
Lalaleo L, Testillano P, Risueño MC, Cusidó RM, Palazon J, Alcazar R, Bonfill M (2018) Effect of in vitro morphogenesis on the production of podophyllotoxin derivatives in callus cultures of Linum album. J Plant Physiol 228:47–58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jplph.2018.05.007
Lan X, Zeng J, Liu K, Zhang F, Bai G, Chen M, Liao Z, Huang L (2018) Comparison of two hyoscyamine 6β-hydroxylases in engineering scopolamine biosynthesis in root cultures of Scopolia lurida. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 497:25–31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.01.173
Lata H, Chandra S, Khan IA, ElSohly MA (2009) Propagation through alginate encapsulation of axillary buds of Cannabis sativa L.—an important medicinal plant. Physiol Mol Biol Plant 15:79–86. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12298-009-0008-8
Lata H, Chandra S, Techen N, Khan IA, ElSohly MA (2016) In vitro mass propagation of Cannabis sativa L.: a protocol refinement using novel aromatic cytokinin meta-topolin and the assessment of eco-physiological, biochemical and genetic fidelity of micropropagated plants. J Appl Res Med Aromat Plants 3:18–26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jarmap.2015.12.001
Li DZ, Pritchard HW (2009) The science and economics of ex situ plant conservation. Trends Plant Sci 14:614–621. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tplants.2009.09.005
Li Y, Gao Z, Piao C, Lu K, Wang Z, Cui ML (2014) A stable and efficient Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated genetic transformation of the medicinal plant Digitalis purpurea L. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 172:1807–1817. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12010-013-0648-6
Li B, Cui G, Shen G, Zhan Z, Huang L, Chen J, Qi X (2017) Targeted mutagenesis in the medicinal plant Salvia miltiorrhiza. Sci Rep. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep43320
Liu W, Yuan JS, Stewart Jr CN (2013) Advanced genetic tools for plant biotechnology. Nat Rev Genet. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrg3583
Liu X, Liu Y, Huang P, Ma Y, Qing Z, Tang Q, Cao H, Cheng P, Zheng Y, Yuan Z, Zhou Y (2017a) The genome of medicinal plant Macleaya cordata provides new insights into benzylisoquinoline alkaloids metabolism. Mol Plant 10:975–989. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molp.2017.05.007
Liu Y, Sun G, Zhong Z, Ji L, Zhang Y, Zhou J, Zheng X, Deng K (2017b) Overexpression of AtEDT1 promotes root elongation and affects medicinal secondary metabolite biosynthesis in roots of transgenic Salvia miltiorrhiza. Protoplasma 254:1617–1625. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00709-016-1045-0
Liu ZB, Chen JG, Yin ZP, Shangguan XC, Peng DY, Lu T, Lin P (2018) Methyl jasmonate and salicylic acid elicitation increase content and yield of chlorogenic acid and its derivatives in Gardenia jasminoides cell suspension cultures. Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11240-018-1401-1
Ma X, Zhu Q, Chen Y, Liu YG (2016) CRISPR/Cas9 platforms for genome editing in plants: developments and applications. Mol Plant 9:961–974. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molp.2016.04.009
Mahendran G, Narmatha Bai V (2015) Plant regeneration through direct somatic embryogenesis, antioxidant properties and metabolite profiles of Swertia corymbosa (Griseb.) Wight ex C.B. Clarke. Plant Biosyst. https://doi.org/10.1080/11263504.2015.1064043
Mahendran D, Kishor PK, Geetha N, Venkatachalam P (2018) Phycomolecule-coated silver nanoparticles and seaweed extracts induced high-frequency somatic embryogenesis and plant regeneration from Gloriosa superba L. J Appl Phycol 30:1425–1436. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10811-017-1293-1
Manjkhola S, Dhar U, Joshi M (2005) Organogenesis, embryogenesis, and synthetic seed production in Arnebia euchroma—a critically endangered medicinal plant of the Himalaya. Vitro Cell Dev Biol Plant 41:244–248. https://doi.org/10.1079/IVP2004612
Mansouri H, Bagheri M (2017) Induction of polyploidy and its effect on Cannabis sativa L. In: Chandra S, Lata H, ElSohly M (eds) Cannabis sativa L.-botany and biotechnology. Springer, Cham
Máthé Á, Hassan F, Kader AA (2015) In vitro micropropagation of medicinal and aromatic plants. In: Máthé Á (ed) Medicinal and aromatic plants of the world. Medicinal and aromatic plants of the world, vol 1. Springer, Dordrecht, pp 305–336. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-9810-5_15
Matkowski A (2008) Plant in vitro culture for the production of antioxidants—a review. Biotechnol Adv 26:548–560. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biotechadv.2008.07.001
Matveeva TV, Sokornova SV (2018) Agrobacterium rhizogenes-mediated transformation of plants for improvement of yields of secondary metabolites. In: Pavlov A, Bley T (eds) Bioprocessing of plant in vitro systems. Reference series in phytochemistry. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/82_2018_80
Mishra S, Bansal S, Sangwan RS, Sangwan NS (2016) Genotype independent and efficient Agrobacterium-mediated genetic transformation of the medicinal plant Withania somnifera Dunal. J Plant Biochem Biotech 25:191–198. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13562-015-0324-8
Mohagheghzadeh A, Gholami A, Hemmati S, Dehshahri S (2008) Bag culture: a method for root-root co-culture. ZNaturforsch C 63:157–160. https://doi.org/10.1515/znc-2008-1-229
Monfort LEF, Bertolucci SKV, Lima AF, de Carvalho AA, Mohammed A, Blank AF, Pinto JEBP (2018) Effects of plant growth regulators, different culture media and strength MS on production of volatile fraction composition in shoot cultures of Ocimum basilicum. Ind Crop Prod 116:231–239. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2018.02.075
Mustafavi SH, Badi HN, Sękara A, Mehrafarin A, Janda T, Ghorbanpour M, Rafiee H (2018) Polyamines and their possible mechanisms involved in plant physiological processes and elicitation of secondary metabolites. Acta Physiol Plant 40:102. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11738-018-2671-2
Nalawade SM, Tsay HS (2004) In vitro propagation of some important Chinese medicinal plants and their sustainable usage. Vitro Cell Dev Biol Plant 40:143–154. https://doi.org/10.1079/IVP2003504
Naqvi S, Farré G, Sanahuja G, Capell T, Zhu C, Christou P (2010) When more is better: multigene engineering in plants. Trends Plant Sci 15:48–56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tplants.2009.09.010
Naz R, Anis M, Alatar AA, Ahmad A, Naaz A (2018) Nutrient alginate encapsulation of nodal segments of Althaea officinalis L., for short-term conservation and germplasm exchange. Plant Biosyst. https://doi.org/10.1080/11263504.2018.1436610
Niazian M, Noori SAS, Galuszka P, Tohidfar M, Mortazavian SMM (2017a) Genetic stability of regenerated plants via indirect somatic embryogenesis and indirect shoot regeneration of Carum copticum L. Ind Crop Prod 97:330–337. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2016.12.044
Niazian M, Noori SAS, Galuszka P, Mortazavian SMM (2017b) Tissue culture-based Agrobacterium-mediated and in planta transformation methods. Czech J Genet Plant Breed 53:133–143. https://doi.org/10.17221/177/2016-CJGPB
Niazian M, Sadat Noori SA, Tohidfar M, Mortazavian SMM (2017c) Essential oil yield and agro-morphological traits in some Iranian ecotypes of ajowan (Carum copticum L.). J Essent Oil Bear Plants 20:1151–1156. https://doi.org/10.1080/0972060X.2017.1326849
Niazian M, Sadat-Noori SA, Abdipour M, Tohidfar M, Mortazavian SMM (2018a) Image processing and artificial neural network-based models to measure and predict physical properties of embryogenic callus and number of somatic embryos in ajowan (Trachyspermum ammi (L.) Sprague). Vitro Cell Dev Biol Plant 54:54–68. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11627-017-9877-7
Niazian M, Sadat-Noori SA, Abdipour M (2018b) Modeling the seed yield of Ajowan (Trachyspermum ammi L.) using artificial neural network and multiple linear regression models. Ind Crop Prod 117:224–234. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2018.03.013
Niazian M, Sadat-Noori SA, Abdipour M (2018c) Artificial neural network and multiple regression analysis models to predict essential oil content of ajowan (Carum copticum L.). J Appl Res Med Aromat Plants 9:124–131. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jarmap.2018.04.001
Nogueira M, Enfissi EM, Almeida J, Fraser PD (2018) Creating plant molecular factories for industrial and nutritional isoprenoid production. Curr Opin Biotechnol 49:80–87. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copbio.2017.08.002
Noman A, Aqeel M, He S (2016) CRISPR-Cas9: tool for qualitative and quantitative plant genome editing. Front Plant Sci 7:1740. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2016.01740
Noori SAS, Norouzi M, Karimzadeh G, Shirkool K, Niazian M (2017) Effect of colchicine-induced polyploidy on morphological characteristics and essential oil composition of ajowan (Trachyspermum ammi L.). Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult 130:543–551. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11240-017-1245-0
Nyende AB, Schittenhelm S, Mix-Wagner G, Greef JM (2003) Production, storability, and regeneration of shoot tips of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) encapsulated in calcium alginate hollow beads. Vitro Cell Dev Biol Plant 39:540–544. https://doi.org/10.1079/IVP2003442
Oliveira JPS, Hakimi O, Murgu M, Koblitz MGB, Ferreira MSL, Cameron LC, Macedo AF (2018) Tissue culture and metabolome investigation of a wild endangered medicinal plant using high definition mass spectrometry. Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11240-018-1408-7
Pandey S, Mishra A, Patel MK, Jha B (2013) An efficient method for Agrobacterium-mediated genetic transformation and plant regeneration in cumin (Cuminum cyminum L.). Appl Biochem Biotechnol 171:1–9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12010-013-0349-1
Pandey V, Srivastava R, Akhtar N, Mishra J, Mishra P, Verma PC (2016) Expression of Withania somnifera steroidal glucosyltransferase gene enhances withanolide content in hairy roots. Plant Mol Biol Rep 34:681–689. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11105-015-0955-x
Pan-pan H, Wei-xu L, Hui-hui L (2018) In vitro induction and identification of autotetraploid of Bletilla striata (Thunb.) Reichb. f. by colchicine treatment. Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult 132:425–432. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11240-017-1339-8
Patra N, Srivastava AK (2017) Mass Production of Artemisinin Using Hairy Root Cultivation of Artemisia annua in Bioreactor. In: Pavlov A, Bley T (eds) Bioprocessing of plant in vitro systems. Reference series in phytochemistry. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-32004-5_20-1
Pérez-Alonso N, Martín R, Capote A, Pérez A, Hernández-Díaz EK, Rojas L, Jiménez E, Quiala E, Angenon G, Garcia-Gonzales R, Chong-Pérez B (2018) Efficient direct shoot organogenesis, genetic stability and secondary metabolite production of micropropagated Digitalis purpurea L. Ind Crop Prod 116:259–266. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2018.02.067
Piosik L, Zenkteler E, Zenkteler M (2016) Development of haploid embryos and plants of Lactuca sativa induced by distant pollination with Helianthus annuus and H. tuberosus. Euphytica 208:439–451. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10681-015-1578-x
Pouvreau B, Vanhercke T, Singh S (2018) From plant metabolic engineering to plant synthetic biology: the evolution of the design/build/test/learn cycle. Plant Sci. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plantsci.2018.03.035
Pradhan S, Tiruwa B, Subedee BR, Pant B (2014) In vitro germination and propagation of a threatened medicinal orchid, Cymbidium aloifolium (L.) Sw. through artificial seed. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 4:971–976. https://doi.org/10.12980/APJTB.4.2014APJTB-2014-0369
Pradhan SK, Gupta RC, Goel RK (2018) Differential content of secondary metabolites in diploid and tetraploid cytotypes of Siegesbeckia orientalis L. Prod Res, Nat. https://doi.org/10.1080/14786419.2017.1423298
Prasad A, Singh M, Yadav NP, Mathur AK, Mathur A (2014) Molecular, chemical and biological stability of plants derived from artificial seeds of Centella asiatica (L.) Urban—an industrially important medicinal herb. Ind Crop Prod 60:205–211. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2014.06.022
Rajesh M, Jeyaraj M, Sivanandhan G, Subramanyam K, Mariashibu TS, Mayavan S, Dev K, Anbazhagan VR, Manickavasagam M, Ganapathi A (2013) Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of the medicinal plant Podophyllum hexandrum Royle (syn. P.emodi Wall. ex Hook.f. and Thomas). Plant Cell Tiss Organ Cult 114:71–82. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11240-013-0307-1
Rao NK (2004) Plant genetic resources: advancing conservation and use through biotechnology. Afr J Biotechnol 3:136–145. https://doi.org/10.5897/AJB2004.000-2025
Ravi M, Chan SW (2010) Haploid plants produced by centromere-mediated genome elimination. Nature 464:615–618. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature08842
Rawat JM, Bhandari A, Mishra S, Rawat B, Dhakad AK, Thakur A, Chandra A (2018) Genetic stability and phytochemical profiling of the in vitro regenerated plants of Angelica glauca Edgew.: an endangered medicinal plant of Himalaya. Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11240-018-1448-z
Rosa WS, Martins JPR, Rodrigues ES, de Almeida Rodrigues LC, Gontijo ABPL, Falqueto AR (2018) Photosynthetic apparatus performance in function of the cytokinins used during the in vitro multiplication of Aechmea blanchetiana (Bromeliaceae). Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult 133:339–350. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11240-018-1385-x
Roychowdhury D, Halder M, Jha S (2016) Agrobacterium rhizogenes-mediated transformation in medicinal plants: genetic stability in long-term culture. In: Jha S (ed) Transgenesis and secondary metabolism. Reference series in phytochemistry. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-27490-4_8-1
Ruiz-Ramírez LA, Godoy-Hernández GC, Álvarez-Gutiérrez PE, Ruíz-Valdiviezo VM, Lujan-Hidalgo MC, Avilés-Berzunza E, Gutiérrez-Miceli FA (2018) Protocol for bonediol production in Bonellia macrocarpa hairy root culture. Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11240-018-1403-z
Saeed T, Shahzad A, Ahmad N, Parveen S (2018) High frequency conversion of non-embryogenic synseeds and assessment of genetic stability through ISSR markers in Gymnema sylvestre. Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11240-018-1409-6
Saha S, Sengupta C, Ghosh P (2015) Encapsulation, short-term storage, conservation and molecular analysis to assess genetic stability in alginate-encapsulated microshoots of Ocimum kilimandscharicum Guerke. Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult 120:519–530. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11240-014-0618-x
Salma U, Kundu S, Mandal N (2017) Artificial polyploidy in medicinal plants: advancement in the last two decades and impending prospects. J Crop Sc Biotechnol 20:9–19. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12892-016-0080-1
Salma U, Kundu S, Hazra AK, Ali MN, Mandal N (2018) Augmentation of wedelolactone through in vitro tetraploid induction in Eclipta alba (L.) Hassk. Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11240-018-1381-1
Seth S, Rath SC, Rout GR, Panigrahi J (2016) Somatic embryogenesis in Abutilon indicum (L.) Sweet and assessment of genetic homogeneity using SCoT markers. Plant Biosyst. https://doi.org/10.1080/11263504.2016.1211193
Sharma A, Verma N, Verma P, Verma RK, Mathur A, Mathur AK (2017) Optimization of a Bacopa monnieri-based genetic transformation model for testing the expression efficiency of pathway gene constructs of medicinal crops. Vitro Cell Dev Biol Plant 53:22–32. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11627-017-9804-y
Sharma A, Verma P, Mathur A, Mathur AK (2018a) Genetic engineering approach using early Vinca alkaloid biosynthesis genes led to increased tryptamine and terpenoid indole alkaloids biosynthesis in differentiating cultures of Catharanthus roseus. Protoplasma 255:425–435. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00709-017-1151-7
Sharma S, Satardekar KV, Barve SS (2018b) Genetic improvement of medicinal and aromatic plants through haploid and double haploid development. In: Kumar N (ed) Biotechnological approaches for medicinal and aromatic plants. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-0535-1_24
Sharma A, Verma P, Mathur A, Mathur AK (2018c) Overexpression of tryptophan decarboxylase and strictosidine synthase enhanced terpenoid indole alkaloid pathway activity and antineoplastic vinblastine biosynthesis in Catharanthus roseus. Protoplasma. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00709-018-1233-1
Shen HJ, Chen JT, Chung HH, Chang WC (2018) Plant regeneration via direct somatic embryogenesis from leaf explants of Tolumnia Louise Elmore ‘Elsa’. Bot Stud. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40529-018-0220-3
Siahsar B, Rahimi M, Tavassoli A, Raissi A (2011) Application of biotechnology in production of medicinal plants. Am Eur J Agric Environ Sci 11:439–444
Singh P, Khan S, Kumar S, ur Rahman L (2017) Establishment of an efficient Agrobacterium-mediated genetic transformation system in Pelargonium graveolens: an important aromatic plant. Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult 129:35–44. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11240-016-1153-8
Sitarek P, Kowalczyk T, Picot L, Michalska-Hejduk D, Bijak M, Białas AJ, Wielanek M, Śliwiński T, Skała E (2018a) Growth of Leonurus sibiricus L. roots with over-expression of AtPAP1 transcriptional factor in closed bioreactor, production of bioactive phenolic compounds and evaluation of their biological activity. Ind Crop Prod 122:732–739. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2018.06.059
Sitarek P, Kowalczyk T, Rijo P, Białas AJ, Wielanek M, Wysokińska H, Garcia C, Toma M, Śliwiński T, Skała E (2018b) Over-Expression of AtPAP1 transcriptional factor enhances phenolic acid production in transgenic roots of Leonurus sibiricus L. and their biological activities. Mol Biol 60:74–82. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12033-017-0048-1
Sivanandhan G, Arunachalam C, Vasudevan V, Kapildev G, Sulaiman AA, Selvaraj N, Ganapathi A, Lim YP (2016) Factors affecting Agrobacterium-mediated transformation in Hybanthus enneaspermus (L.) F. Muell. Plant Biotech Rep 10:49–60. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11816-016-0385-8
Sohrabi SM, Ismaili A, Nazarian-Firouzabadi F (2018) Simultaneous over-expression and silencing of some benzylisoquinoline alkaloid biosynthetic genes in opium poppy. Ind Crop Prod 123:581–590. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2018.06.080
Soltani Howyzeh M, Sadat Noori SA, Shariati JV, Niazian M (2018) Essential oil chemotype of iranian ajowan (Trachyspermum ammi L.). J Essent Oil Bear Plants 21:273–276. https://doi.org/10.1080/0972060X.2018.1433074
Srivastava V, Khan SA, Banerjee S (2009) An evaluation of genetic fidelity of encapsulated microshoots of the medicinal plant: Cineraria maritima following 6 months of storage. Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult 99:193–198. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11240-009-9593-z
Talebi SF, Saharkhiz MJ, Kermani MJ, Sharafi Y, Raouf Fard F (2017) Effect of different antimitotic agents on polyploid induction of anise hyssop (Agastache foeniculum L.). Caryologia 70:184–193. https://doi.org/10.1080/00087114.2017.1318502
Techen N, Parveen I, Pan Z, Khan IA (2014) DNA barcoding of medicinal plant material for identification. Curr Opin Biotechnol 25:103–110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copbio.2013.09.010
Tonk D, Mujib A, Maqsood M, Ali M, Zafar N (2016) Aspergillus flavus fungus elicitation improves vincristine and vinblastine yield by augmenting callus biomass growth in Catharanthus roseus. Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult 126:291–303. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11240-016-0998-1
Urbanová M, Košuth J, Čellárová E (2006) Genetic and biochemical analysis of Hypericum perforatum L. plants regenerated after cryopreservation. Plant Cell Rep 25:140–147. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00299-005-0050-0
Utami ESW, Hariyanto S, Manuhara YSW (2018) Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation of Dendrobium lasianthera JJ Sm: an important medicinal orchid. Genet Eng Biotechnol. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jgeb.2018.02.002 (Article in press)
Vaidya BN, Jackson CL, Perry ZD, Dhekney SA, Joshee N (2016) Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of thin cell layer explants of Scutellaria ocmulgee small: a rare plant with anti-tumor properties. Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult 127:57–69. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11240-016-1029-y
Varshney RK, Nayak SN, May GD, Jackson SA (2009) Next-generation sequencing technologies and their implications for crop genetics and breeding. Trends Biotechnol 27:522–530. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tibtech.2009.05.006
Verma P, Sharma A, Khan SA, Shanker K, Mathur AK (2015) Over-expression of Catharanthus roseus tryptophan decarboxylase and strictosidine synthase in rol gene integrated transgenic cell suspensions of Vinca minor. Protoplasma 252:373–381. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00709-014-0685-1
Vieira LM, Silva PO, Fernandes AM, Rocha DI, Otoni WC (2018) Protocol for somatic embryogenesis in Passiflora cincinnata Mast. (Passifloraceae). In: Jain S, Gupta P (eds) Step wise protocols for somatic embryogenesis of important woody plants. Forestry sciences, vol 85. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-79087-9_21
Vijendra PD, Jayanna SG, Kumar V, Gajula H, Rajashekar J, Sannabommaji T, Basappa G, Anuradha CM (2017) Rapid in vitro propagation of Lucas aspera Spreng: a potential multipurpose Indian medicinal herb. Ind Crop Prod 107:281–287. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2017.05.042
Wang LJ, Sheng MY, Wen PC, Du JY (2017) Morphological, physiological, cytological and phytochemical studies in diploid and colchicine-induced tetraploid plants of Fagopyrum tataricum (L.) Gaertn. Bot Stud 58:2. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40529-016-0157-3
Weathers PJ, Towler MJ, Xu J (2010) Bench to batch: advances in plant cell culture for producing useful products. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 85:1339–1351. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-009-2354-4
Weremczuk-Jezyna I, Grzegorczyk-Karolak I, Frydrych B, Hnatuszko-Konka K, Gerszberg A, Wysokinska H (2017) Rosmarinic acid accumulation and antioxidant potential of Dracocephalum moldavica L cell suspension culture. Not Bot Horti Agrobot 45:215–219. https://doi.org/10.15835/nbha45110728
Werner S, Maschke RW, Eibl D, Eibl R (2018) Bioreactor technology for sustainable production of plant cell-derived products. In: Pavlov A, Bley T (eds) Bioprocessing of plant in vitro systems: Reference series in phytochemistry. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-32004-5_6-1
Widoretno W (2016) In vitro induction and characterization of tetraploid Patchouli (Pogostemon cablin Benth.) plant. Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult 125:261–267. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11240-016-0946-0
Wilson SA, Roberts SC (2014) Metabolic engineering approaches for production of biochemicals in food and medicinal plants. Curr Opin Biotechnol 26:174–182. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copbio.2014.01.006
Wójcik AI, Rybczyński JJ (2017) Genetic transformation of gentian Gentiana tibetica (King) leaf explants with Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain C58C1. Acta Physiol Plant 39:29. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11738-016-2327-z
Wu CH, Murthy HN, Hahn EJ, Paek KY (2008) Establishment of adventitious root co-culture of Ginseng and Echinacea for the production of secondary metabolties. Acta Physiol Plant 30:891–896. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11738-008-0181-3
Xia J, Ma YJ, Wang Y, Wang JW (2018) Deciphering transcriptome profiles of tetraploid Artemisia annua plants with high artemisinin content. Plant Physiol Biochem 1:1. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plaphy.2018.06.018
Xing B, Yang D, Liu L, Han R, Sun Y, Liang Z (2018a) Phenolic acid production is more effectively enhanced than tanshinone production by methyl jasmonate in Salvia miltiorrhiza hairy roots. Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult 1:1. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11240-018-1405-x
Xing B, Yang D, Yu H, Zhang B, Yan K, Zhang X, Han R, Liang Z (2018b) Overexpression of SmbHLH10 enhances tanshinones biosynthesis in Salvia miltiorrhiza hairy roots. Plant Sci 276:229–238. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plantsci.2018.07.016
Xu T, Li Y, Van Nostrand JD, He Z, Zhou J (2014) Cas9-based tools for targeted genome editing and transcriptional control. Appl Environ Microbiol 80:1544–1552. https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.03786-13
Xue SH, Luo XJ, Wu ZH, Zhang HL, Wang XY (2008) Cold storage and cryopreservation of hairy root cultures of medicinal plant Eruca sativa Mill., Astragalus membranaceus and Gentiana macrophylla Pall. Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult 92:251–260. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11240-007-9329-x
Yamazaki M, Rai A, Yoshimoto N, Saito K (2018) Perspective: functional genomics towards new biotechnology in medicinal plants. Plant Biotechnol Rep 12:69–75. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11816-018-0476-9
Yang N, Zhou W, Su J, Wang X, Li L, Wang L, Cao X, Wang Z (2017) Overexpression of smMYC2 increases the production of phenolic acids in Salvia miltiorrhiza. Front Plant Sci 8:1804. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2017.01804
Yin M, Hong S (2009) Cryopreservation of Dendrobium candidum Wall. ex Lindl. protocorm-like bodies by encapsulation-vitrification. Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult 98:179–185. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11240-009-9550-x
Zargar SM, Raatz B, Sonah H, Bhat JA, Dar ZA, Agrawal GK, Rakwal R (2015) Recent advances in molecular marker techniques: insight into QTL mapping, GWAS and genomic selection in plants. J Crop Sci Biotech 18:293–308. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12892-015-0037-5
Zhang R, Zhang BL, Li GC, Xie T, Hu T, Luo ZY (2015) Enhancement of ginsenoside Rg1 in Panax ginseng hairy root by overexpressing the α-l-rhamnosidase gene from Bifidobacterium breve. Biotechnol Lett 37:2091–2096. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10529-015-1889-y
Zhao B, Agblevor FA, Ritesh KC, Jelesko JG (2013) Enhanced production of the alkaloid nicotine in hairy root cultures in Nicotiana tabacum L. Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult 113:121–129. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11240-012-0256-0
Zhao X, Park SY, Yang D, Lee SY (2018) Synthetic biology for natural compounds. Biochemistry. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.biochem.8b00569
Zhou Z, Tan H, Li Q, Chen J, Gao S, Wang Y, Chen W, Zhang L (2018) CRISPR/Cas9-mediated efficient targeted mutagenesis of RAS in Salvia miltiorrhiza. Phytochem 148:63–70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phytochem.2018.01.015
Acknowledgements
The author is thankful to Ms. Shokoofeh Nourozi for her kind help in preparing the figures of the manuscript.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The author declares that he has no conflicts of interest to disclose.
Ethical standards
There is no ethical standard related to the present review article.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Electronic supplementary material
Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Niazian, M. Application of genetics and biotechnology for improving medicinal plants. Planta 249, 953–973 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00425-019-03099-1
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00425-019-03099-1