Abstract
Main conclusion
Mitogen-activated protein kinases seem to mark genes which are set up to be activated in daughter cells and thus they may play a direct role in cellular patterning during embryogenesis.
Embryonic patterning starts very early and after the first division of zygote different genes are expressed in apical and basal cells. However, there is an ongoing debate about the way these different transcription patterns are established during embryogenesis. The presented data indicate that mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) concentrate in the vicinity of chromosomes and form visible foci there. Cells in the apical and basal regions differ in number of foci observed during the metaphase which suggests that cellular patterning may be determined by activation of diverse MAPK-dependent genes. Different number of foci in each group of separating chromatids and the specified direction of these mitoses in apical–basal axis indicate that the unilateral auxin accumulation in a single cell may regulate the number of foci in each group of chromatids. Thus, we put forward a hypothesis that MAPKs localized in the vicinity of chromosomes during mitosis mark those genes which are set up to be activated in daughter cells after division. It implies that the chromosomal localization of MAPKs may be one of the mechanisms involved in establishment of cellular patterns in some plant species.
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Abbreviations
- AZA:
-
5-Azacytidine
- MAPK:
-
Mitogen-activated protein kinase
- PAT:
-
Polar auxin transport
- PCIB:
-
p-Chlorophenoxyisobutyric acid
- TIBA:
-
2,3,5-Triiodobenzoic acid
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Acknowledgements
The studies was funded by the Ministry of Science and Higher Education (designated subsidy based on decision no. 5811/E-345/M/2016 and 5811/E-345/M/2017). Confocal images were captured in the Laboratory of Microscopic Imaging and Specialized Biological Techniques at the Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection at the University of Lodz.
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Fig. S1
Median value of foci with phosphorylated MAPKs in metaphase cells of control embryos (middle cotyledonary stage) and embryos treated with IAA, TIBA or mixture of TIBA and PCIB for 72 h. An asterisk indicates statistically significant results compared to control and statistical significance between TIBA and mixture of TIBA and PCIB (TIFF 30 kb)
Fig. S2
Mean value (%) of mitoses with phosphorylated MAPKs in the vicinity of chromosomes (immunolabeled mitoses). a Mean value (%) of mitoses in apical regions of embryos treated with IAA, TIBA or the mixture of TIBA and PCIB for 72 h. b Mean value (%) of mitoses in basal regions of embryos treated with IAA, TIBA or the mixture of IAA and TIBA for 72 h. An asterisk indicates statistically significant differences between control and TIBA. A hash mark indicates statistically significant differences between TIBA and the mixture of TIBA and PCIB or TIBA and the mixture of IAA and TIBA (TIFF 5165 kb)
Fig. S3
Median value of average fluorescence intensity after immunodetection of H3K9me3 in control embryos and embryos treated with AZA, TIBA, and PCIB for 72 h. a Median value of fluorescence intensity in apical regions of embryos. b Median value of fluorescence intensity in basal regions of embryos. An asterisk indicates statistically significant results compared to control (TIFF 541 kb)
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Winnicki, K., Żabka, A., Polit, J.T. et al. Mitogen-activated protein kinases concentrate in the vicinity of chromosomes and may regulate directly cellular patterning in Vicia faba embryos. Planta 248, 307–322 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00425-018-2905-y
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00425-018-2905-y