Abstract
Purpose
To examine the effect of carbohydrate (CHO) mouth rinsing on endurance running responses and performance in dehydrated individuals.
Methods
In a double blind, randomised crossover design, 12 well-trained male runners completed 4 running time to exhaustion (TTE) trials at a speed equivalent to 70% of VO2peak in a thermoneutral condition. Throughout each run, participants mouth rinsed and expectorated every 15 min either 25 mL of 6% CHO or a placebo (PLA) solution for 10 s. The four TTEs consisted of two trials in the euhydrated (EU-CHO and EU-PLA) and two trials in the dehydrated (DY-CHO and DY-PLA) state. Prior to each TTE run, participants were dehydrated via exercise and allowed a passive rest period during which they were fed and either rehydrated equivalent to their body mass deficit (i.e., EU trials) or ingested only 50 mL of water (DY trials).
Results
CHO mouth rinsing significantly improved TTE performance in the DY compared to the EU trials (78.2 ± 4.3 vs. 76.9 ± 3.8 min, P = 0.02). The arousal level of the runners was significantly higher in the DY compared to the EU trials (P = 0.02). There was no significant difference among trials in heart rate, plasma glucose and lactate, and psychological measures.
Conclusions
CHO mouth rinsing enhanced running performance significantly more when participants were dehydrated vs. euhydrated due to the greater sensitivity of oral receptors related to thirst and central mediated activation. These results show that level of dehydration alters the effect of brain perception with presence of CHO.
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Abbreviations
- CHO:
-
Carbohydrate
- PLA:
-
Placebo
- TTE:
-
Time to exhaustion
- EU:
-
Euhydration
- DY:
-
Dehydration
- VO2peak :
-
Maximal aerobic power
- VO2 :
-
Volume of oxygen
- \({{\rm VCO}_ 2}\) :
-
Volume of carbon dioxide
- HR:
-
Heart rate
- EID:
-
Exercise induced dehydration
- USG:
-
Urine specific gravity
- RH:
-
Relative humidity
- VAS:
-
Visual analogue scale
- FAS:
-
Perceived activation scale
- FS:
-
Feeling scale
- GI:
-
Gastrointestinal
- RER:
-
Respiratory exchange ratio
- RPE:
-
Rating of perceived exertion
- T sk :
-
Skin temperature
- T re :
-
Rectal temperature
- fMRI:
-
Functional magnetic resonance imagery
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Acknowledgements
Harris Kamal Kamaruddin is thankful to Universiti Teknologi MARA Malaysia and the Ministry of Higher Education of Malaysia for his Ph.D. scholarship. The authors thank all runners who took part in this study and all technical staff members of the Advanced Medical and Dental Institute, Universiti Sains Malaysia.
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HKK, OCH and AMCM conceived and designed research. HKK and AMCM conducted experiments. HKK and TM analyzed data. HKK and AMCM wrote the manuscript. All authors provided comments to the manuscript after proofreading and finally approved the manuscript.
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All procedures were performed in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.
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Kamaruddin, H.K., Ooi, C.H., Mündel, T. et al. The ergogenic potency of carbohydrate mouth rinse on endurance running performance of dehydrated athletes. Eur J Appl Physiol 119, 1711–1723 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-019-04161-2
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-019-04161-2