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Textural and micro-analytical insights into mafic–felsic interactions during the Oruanui eruption, Taupo

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Abstract

Quenched juvenile mafic inclusions (enclaves) are an occasional but informative component in the deposits of large felsic eruptions. Typically, the groundmasses of these inclusions rapidly crystallize as the mafic magma is chilled against a more voluminous, cooler felsic host, providing a physical and chemical record of the nature and timing of mafic–felsic interactions. We examine mafic inclusions of two compositional lineages (tholeiitic and calc-alkaline) from deposits of the 25.4 ka Oruanui eruption (Taupo, New Zealand). 2-D quantitative textural data from analysis of back-scattered electron images reveal a marked diversity in the groundmass textures of the inclusions, including median crystal sizes (amphibole: 14–45 µm; plagioclase: 21–75 µm) and aspect ratios (amphibole: 1.7–4.2; plagioclase: 2.1–4.0), area number densities (amphibole: 122–2660 mm−2; plagioclase: 117–2990 mm−2), area fractions (ϕ) of minerals (ϕplag = 23–45%, ϕamph = 0–28%, ϕcpx = 0–6%, ϕoxides = 0.6–5.5%), and the relative abundance of plagioclase and amphibole (ϕplag/ϕamph = 1.0–4.6). Textural parameters vary more significantly within, rather than between, the two compositional lineages, and in some cases show marked variations across individual clasts, implying that each inclusion’s cooling history, rather than bulk composition, was the dominant control on textural development. Groundmass mineral compositions are also diverse both within and between inclusions (e.g. plagioclase from An34–92, with typical intra-clast variability of ~ 20 mol%), and do not correlate with bulk chemistry. Diverse groundmass textures and mineral and glass chemistries are inferred to reflect complex interplay of a range of factors including the degree and rate of undercooling, bulk composition, water content and, possibly, intensive variables. Our data are inconsistent with breakup of a crystallizing ponded mafic layer at the base of the Oruanui melt-dominant body, instead implying that each inclusion partially crystallized as a discrete body with a unique cooling history. Extensive ingestion of mush-derived macro-crystals suggests that mechanical breakup of mafic feeder dikes occurred within a transition zone between the mush and melt-dominant magma body. In this zone, the mush lacked yield strength, as has been inferred from field studies of narrow (meters to few tens of meters) mush-melt transition zones preserved in composite intrusions. Evidence for plastic deformation of inclusions during eruption and the abundance of fresh residual glass in inclusions from all eruptive phases suggest that the inclusions formed syn-eruptively, and must have been formed recurrently at multiple stages throughout the eruption.

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Acknowledgements

SMR acknowledges support from a Victoria University MSc scholarship. Australian Synchrotron access was gained from proposal 2015/1-M9095 and supported by the New Zealand Synchrotron Group. CJNW was supported by a Cook fellowship from the Royal Society of New Zealand. We thank John Gamble, Jim Cole, John Stix and Bob Wiebe for helpful comments and discussions, Katie Preece and an anonymous reviewer for constructive reviews that improved the manuscript, and Gordon Moore for editorial handling.

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  1. Aidan S. R. Allan

    Present address: New Zealand Petroleum and Minerals, PO Box 1473, Wellington, New Zealand

Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Geography, Environment and Earth Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, P.O. Box 600, Wellington, 6140, New Zealand

    Shane M. Rooyakkers, Colin J. N. Wilson, C. Ian Schipper, Simon J. Barker & Aidan S. R. Allan

  2. Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3A 0E8, Canada

    Shane M. Rooyakkers

  3. School of Environment, University of Auckland, PB92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand

    Simon J. Barker

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  1. Shane M. Rooyakkers
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Correspondence to Shane M. Rooyakkers.

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Communicated by Gordon Moore.

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Rooyakkers, S.M., Wilson, C.J.N., Schipper, C.I. et al. Textural and micro-analytical insights into mafic–felsic interactions during the Oruanui eruption, Taupo. Contrib Mineral Petrol 173, 35 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00410-018-1461-6

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