Skip to main content

Advertisement

Log in

Mental health professionals’ attitudes towards mental illness: professional and cultural factors in the INTER NOS study

  • Original Paper
  • Published:
European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Background

Research shows that personnel working in mental health facilities may share some of the societal prejudices towards mental illness. This might result in stigmatizing behaviours towards people suffering from mental disorders, undermining the quality of their care.

Aims

To describe and compare attitudes towards mental illness across a sample of professionals working in a wide range of mental health facilities in Spain, Portugal and Italy.

Method

We administered a survey to personnel including two questionnaires related to stigmatizing attitudes: The Community Attitudes toward the Mentally Ill (CAMI) and the Attribution Questionnaire (AQ-27). Data were compared according to professional category, work setting and country.

Results

34.06% (1525) professionals of the surveyed population responded adequately. Psychologists and social therapists had the most positive attitudes, and nursing assistants the most negative, on most factors of CAMI and AQ-27. Community staff had more positive attitudes than hospital-based professionals in most factors on CAMI and in discriminatory responses on AQ-27.

Conclusions

Globally, mental health professionals showed a positive attitude towards mental illness, but also a relative support to coercive treatments. There are differences in attitudes modulated by professional category and setting. Results can guide preventive strategies, particularly for the hospital-based and nursing staff.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Sartorius N, Gaebel W, Cleveland H-R, Stuart H, Akiyama T, Arboleda-Flórez J et al (2010) WPA guidance on how to combat stigmatization of psychiatry and psychiatrists. World Psychiatry Off J World Psychiatr Assoc WPA 9:131–144

    Google Scholar 

  2. Hatzenbuehler ML, Phelan JC, Link BG (2013) Stigma as a fundamental cause of population health inequalities. Am J Public Health 103:813–821. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2012.301069

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  3. Corrigan PW, Markowitz FE, Watson AC (2004) Structural levels of mental illness stigma and discrimination. Schizophr Bull 30:481–491

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Corrigan PW, Druss BG, Perlick DA (2014) The impact of mental illness stigma on seeking and participating in mental health care. Psychol Sci Public Interest. https://doi.org/10.1177/1529100614531398

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Schmitt MT, Branscombe NR, Postmes T, Garcia A (2014) The consequences of perceived discrimination for psychological well-being: a meta-analytic review. Psychol Bull 140:921–948. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0035754

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Rüsch N, Angermeyer MC, Corrigan PW (2005) Mental illness stigma: concepts, consequences, and initiatives to reduce stigma. Eur Psychiatry J Assoc Eur Psychiatr 20:529–539. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2005.04.004

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. World Health Organization. Stigma and discrimination against the mentally ill in Europe. Helsinki: Ment. Health Facing Callenges Build. Solut. Rep. WHO Eur. Minist. Conf., Helsinki: World Health Organization. Regional Office for Europe.; 2005, pp 41–48

    Google Scholar 

  8. World Psychiatric Association. Open the Doors: WPA Global Programme to reduce stigma and discriminiation Because schizophrenia. 1998

  9. Möller-Leimkühler AM, Möller H-J, Maier W, Gaebel W, Falkai P (2016) EPA guidance on improving the image of psychiatry. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 266:139–154. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00406-016-0678-5

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Gaebel W, Zäske H, Cleveland H-R, Zielasek J, Stuart H, Arboleda-Florez J et al (2011) Measuring the stigma of psychiatry and psychiatrists: development of a questionnaire. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 261:119–123. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00406-011-0252-0

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Reich-Erkelenz D, Schmitt A, Falkai P (2015) Psychiatrists’ self-stigma, the DGPPN guideline for psychosocial interventions, and contemporary treatment strategies. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 265:171–172. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00406-015-0586-0

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Thornicroft G, Rose D, Kassam A (2007) Discrimination in health care against people with mental illness. Int Rev Psychiatry Abingdon Engl 19:113–122. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540260701278937

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Sartorius N (2002) Iatrogenic stigma of mental illness. BMJ 324:1470–1471

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  14. Ping Tsao CI, Tummala A, Roberts LW (2008) Stigma in mental health care. Acad Psychiatry J Am Assoc Dir Psychiatr Resid Train Assoc Acad Psychiatry 32:70–72. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ap.32.2.70

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Horsfall J, Cleary M, Hunt GE (2010) Stigma in mental health: clients and professionals. Issues Ment Health Nurs 31:450–455. https://doi.org/10.3109/01612840903537167

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Schulze B (2007) Stigma and mental health professionals: a review of the evidence on an intricate relationship. Int Rev Psychiatry Abingdon Engl 19:137–155. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540260701278929

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Ross CA, Goldner EM (2009) Stigma, negative attitudes and discrimination towards mental illness within the nursing profession: a review of the literature. J Psychiatr Ment Health Nurs 16:558–567. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2850.2009.01399.x

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Schlosberg A (1993) Psychiatric stigma and mental health professionals (stigmatizers and destigmatizers). Med Law 12:409–416

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Wahl O, Aroesty-Cohen E (2010) Attitudes of mental health professionals about mental illness: a review of the recent literature. J Community Psychol 38:49–62. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcop.20351

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Henderson C, Noblett J, Parke H, Clement S, Caffrey A, Gale-Grant O et al (2014) Mental health-related stigma in health care and mental health-care settings. Lancet Psychiatry 1:467–482. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(14)00023-6

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Pinfold V, Byrne P, Toulmin H (2005) Challenging stigma and discrimination in communities: a focus group study identifying UK mental health service users’ main campaign priorities. Int J Soc Psychiatry 51:128–138

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. González-Torres MA, Oraa R, Arístegui M, Fernández-Rivas A, Guimon J (2007) Stigma and discrimination towards people with schizophrenia and their family members. A qualitative study with focus groups. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 42:14–23. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-006-0126-3

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Schulze B, Angermeyer MC (1982 2003) Subjective experiences of stigma. A focus group study of schizophrenic patients, their relatives and mental health professionals. Soc Sci Med 56:299–312

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Flanagan EH, Miller R, Davidson L (2009) “Unfortunately, we treat the chart:” sources of stigma in mental health settings. Psychiatr Q 80:55–64. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11126-009-9093-7

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Flanagan E, Corrigan P, Davidson L (2010) Mechanisms of stigma in mental health settings. Compr Psychiatry 51:e4. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2010.06.025

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Corrigan PW, Mittal D, Reaves CM, Haynes TF, Han X, Morris S et al (2014) Mental health stigma and primary health care decisions. Psychiatry Res 218:35–38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2014.04.028

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  27. Tehrani E, Krussel J, Borg L, Munk-Jørgensen P (1996) Dropping out of psychiatric treatment: a prospective study of a first-admission cohort. Acta Psychiatr Scand 94:266–271

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. The Impact of Mental Illness Stigma on Seeking and Participating in Mental Health Care - Association for Psychological Science n.d. http://www.psychologicalscience.org/index.php/publications/mental-illness-stigma.html Accessed July 23 2016

  29. Clement S, Schauman O, Graham T, Maggioni F, Evans-Lacko S, Bezborodovs N et al (2015) What is the impact of mental health-related stigma on help-seeking? A systematic review of quantitative and qualitative studies. Psychol Med 45:11–27. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291714000129

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Xu Z, Müller M, Heekeren K, Theodoridou A, Dvorsky D, Metzler S et al (2016) Self-labelling and stigma as predictors of attitudes towards help-seeking among people at risk of psychosis: 1-year follow-up. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 266:79–82. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00406-015-0576-2

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Mackenzie CS, Erickson J, Deane FP, Wright M (2014) Changes in attitudes toward seeking mental health services: a 40-year cross-temporal meta-analysis. Clin Psychol Rev 34:99–106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2013.12.001

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Perlick DA, Rosenheck RA, Clarkin JF, Sirey JA, Salahi J, Struening EL et al (2001) Stigma as a barrier to recovery: adverse effects of perceived stigma on social adaptation of persons diagnosed with bipolar affective disorder. Psychiatr Serv Wash DC 52:1627–1632. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ps.52.12.1627

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Oexle N, Rüsch N, Viering S, Wyss C, Seifritz E, Xu Z et al (2016) Self-stigma and suicidality: a longitudinal study. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00406-016-0698-1

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Farina A (1998) Stigma. In: Mueser KT, Tarrier N (eds) Handbook of social functioning in schizophrenia. Allyn and Bacon, Needham Heights, MA, pp 247–279

  35. Angermeyer MC, Dietrich S (2006) Public beliefs about and attitudes towards people with mental illness: a review of population studies. Acta Psychiatr Scand 113:163–179. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0447.2005.00699.x

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. López M, Laviana M, Fernández L, López A, Rodríguez AM, Aparicio A (2008) La lucha contra el estigma y la discriminación en salud mental. Una estrategia compleja basada en la información disponible. Rev Asoc Esp Neuropsiquiatría XXVIII:43–83

    Google Scholar 

  37. Jorm AF, Korten AE, Jacomb PA, Christensen H, Henderson S (1999) Attitudes towards people with a mental disorder: a survey of the Australian public and health professionals. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 33:77–83

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Hugo M (2001) Mental health professionals’ attitudes towards people who have experienced a mental health disorder. J Psychiatr Ment Health Nurs 8:419–425

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Lepping P, Steinert T, Gebhardt R-P, Röttgers HR (2004) Attitudes of mental health professionals and lay-people towards involuntary admission and treatment in England and Germany—a questionnaire analysis. Eur Psychiatry J Assoc Eur Psychiatr 19:91–95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2003.11.001

    Article  Google Scholar 

  40. Chambers M, Guise V, Välimäki M, Botelho MAR, Scott A, Staniuliené V et al (2010) Nurses’ attitudes to mental illness: a comparison of a sample of nurses from five European countries. Int J Nurs Stud 47:350–362. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2009.08.008

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Manuel, Nuñoz (2009) Eloisa Perez Santos, Maria Crespo, Ana Isabel Guillen. Estigma y Enfermedad Mental: análisis del rechazo social que sufren las personas con enfermedad mental. Editorial Complutense, SA, Madrid

    Google Scholar 

  42. Chin SH, Balon R (2006) Attitudes and perceptions toward depression and schizophrenia among residents in different medical specialties. Acad Psychiatry J Am Assoc Dir Psychiatr Resid Train Assoc Acad Psychiatry 30:262–263. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ap.30.3.262

    Article  Google Scholar 

  43. Pescosolido BA. The public stigma of mental illness what do we think; what do we know; what can we prove?. J Health Soc Behav 2013:0022146512471197. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022146512471197

  44. Yang LH, Thornicroft G, Alvarado R, Vega E, Link BG (2014) Recent advances in cross-cultural measurement in psychiatric epidemiology: utilizing “what matters most” to identify culture-specific aspects of stigma. Int J Epidemiol 43:494–510. https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyu039

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Lauber C, Anthony M, Ajdacic-Gross V, Rössler W (2004) What about psychiatrists’ attitude to mentally ill people? Eur Psychiatry J Assoc Eur Psychiatr 19:423–427. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2004.06.019

    Article  Google Scholar 

  46. Nordt C, Rössler W, Lauber C (2006) Attitudes of mental health professionals toward people with schizophrenia and major depression. Schizophr Bull 32:709–714. https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbj065

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  47. Magliano L, Fiorillo A, De Rosa C, Malangone C, Maj M (2004) Beliefs about schizophrenia in Italy: a comparative nationwide survey of the general public, mental health professionals, and patients’ relatives. Can J Psychiatry Rev Can Psychiatr 49:322–330

    Google Scholar 

  48. Hori H, Richards M, Kawamoto Y, Kunugi H (2011) Attitudes toward schizophrenia in the general population, psychiatric staff, physicians, and psychiatrists: a web-based survey in Japan. Psychiatry Res 186:183–189. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2010.08.019

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Kua JH, Parker G, Lee C, Jorm AF (2000) Beliefs about outcomes for mental disorders: a comparative study of primary health practitioners and psychiatrists in Singapore. Singapore Med J 41:542–547

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Jorm AF, Korten AE, Jacomb PA, Rodgers B, Pollitt P, Christensen H et al (1997) Helpfulness of interventions for mental disorders: beliefs of health professionals compared with the general public. Br J Psychiatry J Ment Sci 171:233–237

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Caldwell TM, Jorm AF (2000) Mental health nurses’ beliefs about interventions for schizophrenia and depression: a comparison with psychiatrists and the public. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 34:602–611

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Servais LM, Saunders SM (2007) Clinical psychologists’ perceptions of persons with mental illness. Prof Psychol Res Pract 38:214–219. https://doi.org/10.1037/0735-7028.38.2.214

    Article  Google Scholar 

  53. Magliano L, De Rosa C, Fiorillo A, Malangone C, Guarneri M, Marasco C et al (2004) Beliefs of psychiatric nurses about schizophrenia: a comparison with patients’ relatives and psychiatrists. Int J Soc Psychiatry 50:319–330

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Ishige N, Hayashi N (2005) Occupation and social experience: factors influencing attitude towards people with schizophrenia. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 59:89–95. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1819.2005.01337.x

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Munro S, Baker JA (2007) Surveying the attitudes of acute mental health nurses. J Psychiatr Ment Health Nurs 14:196–202. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2850.2007.01063.x

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Taylor SM, Dear MJ, Hall GB (1979) Attitudes toward the mentally ill and reactions to mental health facilities. Soc Sci Med [Med Geogr] 13D:281–290

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Foster K, Kim U, Baker JA, Gadai (2008) Sainimere, Ali, Samsun. Mental health workers’ attitudes toward mental illness in Fiji. Aust J Adv Nurs 25(3):25:72–79

    Google Scholar 

  58. Björkman T, Angelman T, Jönsson M (2008) Attitudes towards people with mental illness: a cross-sectional study among nursing staff in psychiatric and somatic care. Scand J Caring Sci 22:170–177. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-6712.2007.00509.x

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Mårtensson G, Jacobsson JW, Engström M (2014) Mental health nursing staff’s attitudes towards mental illness: an analysis of related factors. J Psychiatr Ment Health Nurs 21:782–788. https://doi.org/10.1111/jpm.12145

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Lauber C, Nordt C, Braunschweig C, Rössler W. Do mental health professionals stigmatize their patients?. Acta Psychiatr Scand Suppl 2006:51–59. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0447.2005.00718.x

  61. Hansson L, Jormfeldt H, Svedberg P, Svensson B (2013) Mental health professionals’ attitudes towards people with mental illness: do they differ from attitudes held by people with mental illness? Int J Soc Psychiatry 59:48–54. https://doi.org/10.1177/0020764011423176

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Vendsborg P, Bratbo J, Dannevang A, Hagedorn-Møller J, Kistrup K, Lindhardt A et al (2013) Staff attitudes towards patients with schizophrenia. Dan Med J 60:A4710

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Des Courtis N, Lauber C, Costa CT, Cattapan-Ludewig K (2008) Beliefs about the mentally ill: a comparative study between healthcare professionals in Brazil and in Switzerland. Int Rev Psychiatry Abingdon Engl 20:503–509. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540260802565125

    Article  Google Scholar 

  64. Royal College of Psychiatrists (2001) Mental Illness: stigmatization and discrimination, Within the medical profession. Royal College of Psychiatrists, Royal College of Physicians of London, British Medical Association, London

  65. Confederación Española de Agrupaciones de Familiares y Personas con Enfermedad Mental (FEAFES). La reducción del estigma de las personas con enfermedad mental grave en la asistencia sanitaria: síntesis y conclusiones. Confederación Española de Agrupaciones de Familiares y Personas con Enfermedad Mental (FEAFES); 2008

  66. Link BG, Yang LH, Phelan JC, Collins PY (2004) Measuring mental illness stigma. Schizophr Bull 30:511–541

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Corrigan P, Markowitz FE, Watson A, Rowan D, Kubiak MA (2003) An attribution model of public discrimination towards persons with mental illness. J Health Soc Behav 44:162–179

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Corrigan PW (2000) Mental health stigma as social attribution: implications for research methods and attitude change. Clin Psychol Sci Pract 7:48–67. https://doi.org/10.1093/clipsy.7.1.48

    Article  Google Scholar 

  69. Pingani L, Forghieri M, Ferrari S, Ben-Zeev D, Artoni P, Mazzi F et al (2012) Stigma and discrimination toward mental illness: translation and validation of the Italian version of the Attribution Questionnaire-27 (AQ-27-I). Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 47:993–999. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-011-0407-3

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Sousa S de, Marques A, Rosário C, Queirós C (2012) Stigmatizing attitudes in relatives of people with schizophrenia: a study using the Attribution Questionnaire AQ-27. Trends Psychiatry Psychother 34:186–197. https://doi.org/10.1590/S2237-60892012000400004

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Granados-Gamez G, Lopez Rodriguez MDM, Corral Granados A, Marquez-Hernandez VV (2017 Apr) Attitudes and beliefs of nursing students toward mental disorder: the significance of direct experience with patients. Perspect Psychiatr Care 53(2):135–143

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Sousa S, Queirós C, Marques A, Rocha N, Fernandes A (2008) Versão preliminar portuguesa do Attribution Questionnaire (AQ-27), adaptada com autorização de P. Corrigan. FPCEUP/ESTSPIPP, Porto

    Google Scholar 

  73. Taylor SM, Dear MJ (1981) Scaling community attitudes toward the mentally ill. Schizophr Bull 7:225–240

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Morris R, Scott PA, Cocoman A, Chambers M, Guise V, Välimäki M et al (2012) Is the Community attitudes towards the mentally ill scale valid for use in the investigation of European nurses’ attitudes towards the mentally ill? A confirmatory factor analytic approach. J Adv Nurs 68:460–470. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2648.2011.05739.x

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Sévigny R, Yang W, Zhang P, Marleau JD, Yang Z, Su L et al (1999) Attitudes toward the mentally ill in a sample of professionals working in a psychiatric hospital in Beijing (China). Int J Soc Psychiatry 45:41–55

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Zárate C, Ceballos ME, Contardo MV, Florenzano R (2006) Influencia de dos factores en la percepción hacia los enfermos mentales; contacto cercano y educación en salud. Rev Chil Neuro-Psiquiatr 44:205–214. https://doi.org/10.4067/S0717-92272006000300006

    Article  Google Scholar 

  77. Ngirababyeyi A. Attitudes towards mentally ill in professionals working in Ndera neuropsychiatric hospital in Rwanda. Universidade Nova, 2012

  78. Browne DT (2010) Attitudes of Mental Health Professionals toward mental illness: comparisons and predictors. Smith College School for Social Work, Northampton

    Google Scholar 

  79. Vibha P, Saddichha S, Kumar R (2008) Attitudes of ward attendants towards mental illness: comparisons and predictors. Int J Soc Psychiatry 54:469–478. https://doi.org/10.1177/0020764008092190

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Buizza C, Pioli R, Ponteri M, Vittorielli M, Corradi A, Minicuci N et al (2005) [Community attitudes towards mental illness and socio-demographic characteristics: an Italian study]. Epidemiol Psichiatr Soc 14:154–162

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Ochoa S, Martínez-Zambrano F, Vila-Badia R, Arenas O, Casas-Anguera E, García-Morales E et al (2016) Spanish validation of the social stigma scale: community attitudes towards mental illness. Rev Psiquiatr Salud Ment 9:150–157. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rpsm.2015.02.002

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Dalgaard P (2008) Introductory statistics with R. Springer New York

    Book  Google Scholar 

  83. Loch AA, Guarniero FB, Lawson FL, Hengartner MP, Rössler W, Gattaz WF et al (2013) Stigma toward schizophrenia: do all psychiatrists behave the same? Latent profile analysis of a national sample of psychiatrists in Brazil. BMC Psychiatry 13:92. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-244X-13-92

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  84. Loch AA, Hengartner MP, Guarniero FB, Lawson FL, Wang Y-P, Gattaz WF et al (2011) Psychiatrists’ stigma towards individuals with schizophrenia. Arch Clin Psychiatry 38:173–177. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0101-60832011000500001

    Article  Google Scholar 

  85. Loch AA, Hengartner MP, Guarniero FB, Lawson FL, Wang Y-P, Gattaz WF et al (2013) The more information, the more negative stigma towards schizophrenia: Brazilian general population and psychiatrists compared. Psychiatry Res 205:185–191. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2012.11.023

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  86. Lemonidou C, Priami M, Merkouris A, Kalafati M, Tafas C, Plati C (2002) Evaluación de las técnicas de aislamiento y contención por parte de los equipos de enfermería en los hospitales psiquiátricos griegos. Eur J Psychiatry Ed En Esp 16:87–98

    Google Scholar 

  87. Tay S-EC, Pariyasami S, Ravindran K, Ali MIA, Rowsudeen MT (2004) Nurses’ attitudes toward people with mental illnesses in a psychiatric hospital in Singapore. J Psychosoc Nurs Ment Health Serv 42:40–47

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  88. Üçok A, Polat A, Sartorius N, Erkoç S, Atakli C (2004) Attitudes of psychiatrists toward patients with schizophrenia. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 58:89–91. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1819.2004.01198.x

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  89. Edwards D, Burnard P, Coyle D, Fothergill A, Hannigan B (2000) Stress and burnout in community mental health nursing: a review of the literature. J Psychiatr Ment Health Nurs 7:7–14

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  90. Paris M, Hoge MA (2010) Burnout in the mental health workforce: a review. J Behav Health Serv Res 37:519–528. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11414-009-9202-2

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  91. Holmqvist R, Jeanneau M (2006) Burnout and psychiatric staff’s feelings towards patients. Psychiatry Res 145:207–213. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2004.08.012

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  92. Bowers L, Nijman H, Simpson A, Jones J (2011) The relationship between leadership, teamworking, structure, burnout and attitude to patients on acute psychiatric wards. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 46:143–148. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-010-0180-8

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  93. Holmes EP, Corrigan PW, Williams P, Canar J, Kubiak MA (1999) Changing attitudes about schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull 25:447–456

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  94. Kopera M, Suszek H, Bonar E, Myszka M, Gmaj B, Ilgen M et al (2015) Evaluating explicit and implicit stigma of mental illness in mental health professionals and medical students. Community Ment Health J 51:628–634. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10597-014-9796-6

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

THE INTER NOS WORKING GROUP included professionals of Sisters Hospitallers that collaborated as key managers of research at every center: Ana Moreno-Alcazar: FIDMAG Hermanas Hospitalarias Research Foundation, Barcelona, Spain; Isabel Feria: FIDMAG Hermanas Hospitalarias Research Foundation, Barcelona, Spain; Pedro P. Padilla: Centro Neuropsiquiátrico Nuestra Sra. Del Carmen, Hermanas Hospitalarias, Zaragoza, Spain; José A. Larraz: Hospital Sagrat Cor, Hermanas Hospitalarias, Martorell, Spain, Josep Treserra: Benito Menni Complex Assistencial en Salut Mental, Hermanas Hospitalarias, Sant Boi de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain; Ana C. Pérez: Hospital Sant Rafael, Hermanas Hospitalarias, Barcelona, Spain; Pedro Roy: Hospital Mare de Déu de la Mercé, Hermanas Hospitalarias, Barcelona, Spain; Ana Morais: Casa de Saúde da Idanha, Irmãs Hospitaleiras, Lisbon, Portugal; Carla Costa: Casa de Saúde Bento Menni, Irmãs Hospitaleiras, Guarda, Portugal; Cecília Vilas- Boas: Casa de Saúde do Bom Jesus, Irmãs Hospitaleiras, Braga, Portugal; Mariana Correia: Casa de Saúde do Espírito Santo, Irmãs Hospitaleiras, Angra do Heroísmo (Azores), Portugal; Nuno Nunes: Casa de Saúde N. Sra. da Conceição, Irmãs Hospitaleiras, Ponta Delgada (Azores), Portugal; Rosa Simões: Casa de Saúde Rainha Santa Isabel, Irmãs Hospitaleiras, Condeixa-a-Nova, Portugal; Paula Carneiro: Irmãs Hospitaleiras, Lisbon, Portugal; Adolfo Lander: Hospital Aita Menni, Hermanas Hospitalarias, Mondragón, Spain; Javier Remirez: Hospital Psiquiátrico Padre Menni, Hermanas Hospitalarias, Pamplona, Spain; Javier Arellano: Complejo Hospitalario San Luís, Hermanas Hospitalarias, Palencia, Spain; Carlos V. Pajares: Centro Hospitalario Padre Menni, Hermanas Hospitalarias, Santander, Spain; Antonio Rodríguez: Centro Hospitalario Benito Menni, Hermanas Hospitalarias, Valladolid, Spain; Raúl Huerta: Complejo Asistencial Benito Menni, ,Hermanas Hospitalarias, Madrid, Spain; María Jáñez: Clinica San Miguel, Hermanas Hospitalarias, Madrid, Spain; David Porta: Complejo Asistencial Málaga, Hermanas Hospitalarias, Málaga, Spain; Alessandro Valchera: Villa San Giuseppe, Suore Ospedaliere, Ascoli, Italy; Paolo Carbonetti: Casa di Cura Villa Rosa, Suore Ospedaliere, Viterbo, Italy.

Funding

Funding for the study was provided by Sisters Hospitallers with resources of their own.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Consortia

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Eduardo González-Fraile.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that they have no competing interest.

Additional information

The members of The INTER NOS Group has been moved to acknowledgements

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Del Olmo-Romero, F., González-Blanco, M., Sarró, S. et al. Mental health professionals’ attitudes towards mental illness: professional and cultural factors in the INTER NOS study. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 269, 325–339 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00406-018-0867-5

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00406-018-0867-5

Keywords

Navigation