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Molecular markers in well-differentiated thyroid cancer

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Abstract

Purpose

Thyroid nodules are of common occurrence in the general population. About a fourth of these nodules are indeterminate on aspiration cytology placing many a patient at risk of unwanted surgery. The purpose of this review is to discuss various molecular markers described to date and place their role in proper perspective. This review covers the fundamental role of the signaling pathways and genetic changes involved in thyroid carcinogenesis. The current literature on the prognostic significance of these markers is also described.

Methods

PubMed was used to search relevant articles. The key terms “thyroid nodules”, “thyroid cancer papillary”, “carcinoma papillary follicular”, “carcinoma papillary”, “adenocarcinoma follicular” were searched in MeSH, and “molecular markers”, “molecular testing”, mutation, BRAF, RAS, RET/PTC, PAX 8, miRNA, NIFTP in title and abstract fields. Multiple combinations were done and a group of experts in the subject from the International Head and Neck Scientific Group extracted the relevant articles and formulated the review.

Results

There has been considerable progress in the understanding of thyroid carcinogenesis and the emergence of numerous molecular markers in the recent years with potential to be used in the diagnostic algorithm of these nodules. However, their precise role in routine clinical practice continues to be a contentious issue. Majority of the studies in this context are retrospective and impact of these mutations is not independent of other prognostic factors making the interpretation difficult.

Conclusion

The prevalence of these mutations in thyroid nodule is high and it is a continuously evolving field. Clinicians should stay informed as recommendation on the use of these markers is expected to evolve.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Head Neck Services, Tata Memorial Hospital, Parel, Mumbai, 400012, India

    Anil K. D’Cruz & Richa Vaish

  2. National Cancer Institute, Nagpur, India

    Abhishek Vaidya

  3. NKPSIMS, Nagpur, India

    Abhishek Vaidya

  4. Departments of Surgery and Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Edinburgh University, Edinburgh, UK

    Iain J. Nixon

  5. Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA

    Michelle D. Williams

  6. Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery and Department of Oncology, Section Head and Neck Oncology, University Hospitals Leuven, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

    Vincent Vander Poorten

  7. Department of Otolaryngology, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, IUOPA, University of Oviedo, CIBERONC, Oviedo, Spain

    Fernando López

  8. Department of Surgery and Surgical Ethics, The University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA

    Peter Angelos

  9. Head and Neck Service, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA

    Ashok R. Shaha

  10. Head and Neck Surgery and Oncology Unit, A.R.M. Center for Advanced Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Assuta Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel

    Avi Khafif

  11. Department of Pathology, Charles University, Faculty of Medicine in Plzen, Plzen, Czech Republic

    Alena Skalova

  12. University of Udine School of Medicine, Padua, Italy

    Alessandra Rinaldo

  13. Department of Pathology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA

    Jennifer L. Hunt

  14. International Head and Neck Scientific Group, Padua, Italy

    Alfio Ferlito

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  1. Anil K. D’Cruz
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This article was written by members and invitees of the International Head and Neck Scientific Group (http://www.IHNSG.com).

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D’Cruz, A.K., Vaish, R., Vaidya, A. et al. Molecular markers in well-differentiated thyroid cancer. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 275, 1375–1384 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00405-018-4944-1

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