Abstract
We studied the influence of nanoparticles with different surface modifications on the interfacial tension and relaxation of model polymer blend after cessation of different strains. The droplet retraction experiments were carried out on a model system composed of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) as the suspending fluid and polyisobutylene (PIB) as droplet at room temperature in the presence of hydrophobic and hydrophilic nanosilica. Different weight fractions of particles were dispersed in the PIB droplet before forming a dispersed droplet by using a microsyringe in shear cell. We found that applied strain, nanoparticle concentration and their thermodynamically preferred localization affect both nominal interfacial tension and droplet retraction process. By addition of nanoparticles at a concentration as low as 0.2%wt, the nominal interfacial tension decreases from 3.12 ± 0.15 mN/m for neat PIB-PDMS interface depending on the surface characteristics of nanosilica. Hydrophilic nanosilica has the most effect on nominal interfacial tension and decreases it as low as 0.2 ± 0.21 mN/m at 1 wt.% loading under a strain of 7. The results show that the retraction process in this system is mainly controlled by interfacial phenomena rather than bulk rheological properties. Additionally, the shape evolution of droplets changes and the retraction rate slows down in the presence of nanoparticles.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Ajji A, Utracki LA (1996) Interphase and compatibilization of polymer blends. Polym Eng Sci 36(12):1574–1585. https://doi.org/10.1002/pen.10554
Anastasiadis SH (2010) Interfacial tension in binary polymer blends and the effects of copolymers as emulsifying agents. In Wolf BA, Enders S (eds) Polymer Thermodynamics. Springer Berlin, Heidelberg, pp 179–269. https://doi.org/10.1007/12_2010_81
Assighaou S, Benyahia L (2008) Universal retraction process of a droplet shape after a large strain jump. Phys Rev E 77(3):036305. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevE.77.036305
Assighaou S, Benyahia L (2010) Scaling law behaviour of the retraction of a Newtonian droplet after a strain jump in a Newtonian matrix. Rheol Acta 49(6):677–686. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00397-009-0429-x
Aveyard R, Binks BP, Clint JH (2003) Emulsions stabilised solely by colloidal particles. Adv Colloid Interf Sci 100–102:503–546. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0001-8686(02)00069-6
Bécu L, Benyahia L (2009) Strain-induced droplet retraction memory in a pickering emulsion. Langmuir 25(12):6678–6682. https://doi.org/10.1021/la9006235
Binks BP (2002) Particles as surfactants—similarities and differences. Curr Opin Colloid Interface Sci 7(1–2):21–41. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1359-0294(02)00008-0
Binks BP, Lumsdon SO (2000) Catastrophic phase inversion of water-in-oil emulsions stabilized by hydrophobic silica. Langmuir 16(6):2539–2547. https://doi.org/10.1021/la991081j
Bon SAF, Mookhoek SD, Colver PJ, Fischer HR, van der Zwaag S (2007) Route to stable non-spherical emulsion droplets. Eur Polym J 43(11):4839–4842. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2007.09.001
Borrell M, Leal LG (2007) Interfacial activity of polymer-coated gold nanoparticles. Langmuir 23(25):12497–12502. https://doi.org/10.1021/la701985r
Cassagnau P (2003) Payne effect and shear elasticity of silica-filled polymers in concentrated solutions and in molten state. Polymer 44(8):2455–2462. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0032-3861(03)00094-6
Cohen A, Carriere CJ (1989) Analysis of a retraction mechanism for imbedded polymeric fibers. Rheol Acta 28(3):223–232. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01332854
Elemans PHM (1990) The measurement of interfacial tension in polymer/polymer systems: the breaking thread method. J Rheol 34(8):1311–1325. https://doi.org/10.1122/1.550087
Elias L, Fenouillot F, Majeste JC, Cassagnau P (2007) Morphology and rheology of immiscible polymer blends filled with silica nanoparticles. Polymer 48(20):6029–6040. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2007.07.061
Elias L, Fenouillot F, Majesté JC, Alcouffe P, Cassagnau P (2008) Immiscible polymer blends stabilized with nano-silica particles: rheology and effective interfacial tension. Polymer 49(20):4378–4385. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2008.07.018
Feng J-M, Liu XQ, Bao RY, Yang W, Xie BH, Yang MB (2015) Suppressing phase coarsening in immiscible polymer blends using nano-silica particles located at the interface. RSC Adv 5(91):74295–74303. https://doi.org/10.1039/C5RA13637G
Fenouillot F, Cassagnau P, Majesté J-C (2009) Uneven distribution of nanoparticles in immiscible fluids: morphology development in polymer blends. Polymer 50(6):1333–1350. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2008.12.029
Foudazi R, Nazockdast H (2010) Rheology of polypropylene/liquid crystalline polymer blends: effect of compatibilizer and silica. Appl Rheol 20(1):1–9. https://doi.org/10.3933/ApplRheol-20-12218
Foudazi R, Nazockdast H (2013) Rheology and morphology of nanosilica-containing polypropylene and polypropylene/liquid crystalline polymer blend. J Appl Polym Sci 128(6):3501–3511. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.38269
Graebling D, Muller R, Palierne JF (1993) Linear viscoelastic behavior of some incompatible polymer blends in the melt. Interpretation of data with a model of emulsion of viscoelastic liquids. Macromolecules 26(2):320–329. https://doi.org/10.1021/ma00054a011
Hassander H, Johansson B, Törnell B (1989) The mechanism of emulsion stabilization by small silica (Ludox) particles. Colloids and Surfaces 40:93–105. https://doi.org/10.1016/0166-6622(89)80010-1
Hayashi R, Takahashi M, Yamane H, Jinnai H, Watanabe H (2001) Dynamic interfacial properties of polymer blends under large step strains: shape recovery of a single droplet. Polymer 42(2):757–764. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0032-3861(00)00373-6
He Y, Huang Y, Li Q, Mei Y, Kong M, Yang Q (2012) Morphological hysteresis in immiscible PIB/PDMS blends filled with fumed silica nanoparticles. Colloid Polym Sci 290(11):997–1004. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00396-012-2614-1
Hong JS, Kim YK, Ahn KH, Lee SJ, Kim C (2007) Interfacial tension reduction in PBT/PE/clay nanocomposite. Rheol Acta 46(4):469–478. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00397-006-0123-1
Hu HH, Joseph DD (1994) Evolution of a liquid drop in a spinning drop tensiometer. J Colloid Interface Sci 162(2):331–339. https://doi.org/10.1006/jcis.1994.1047
Jeon HK, Kim JK (1998) The effect of the amount of in situ formed copolymers on the final morphology of reactive polymer blends with an in situ Compatibilizer. Macromolecules 31(26):9273–9280. https://doi.org/10.1021/ma971002f
Kamal MR, Lai-Fook R, Demarquette NR (1994) Interfacial tension in polymer melts. Part II: effects of temperature and molecular weight on interfacial tension. Polym Eng Sci 34(24):1834–1839. https://doi.org/10.1002/pen.760342408
Karkhaneh-Yousefi F, Goharpey F, Foudazi R (2017) Interfacial activity of reactive compatibilizers in polymer blends. Rheol Acta 56(10):851–862. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00397-017-1034-z
Kong M, Huang Y, Chen G, Yang Q, Li G (2011) Retarded relaxation and breakup of deformed PA6 droplets filled with nanosilica in PS matrix during annealing. Polymer 52(22):5231–5236. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2011.08.052
Koning C (1998) Strategies for compatibilization of polymer blends. Prog Polym Sci 23(4):707–757. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0079-6700(97)00054-3
Lam S, Velikov KP, Velev OD (2014) Pickering stabilization of foams and emulsions with particles of biological origin. Curr Opin Colloid Interface Sci 19(5):490–500. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cocis.2014.07.003
Lerdwijitjarud W, Larson RG, Sirivat A, Solomon MJ (2003) Influence of weak elasticity of dispersed phase on droplet behavior in sheared polybutadiene/poly (dimethyl siloxane) blends. J Rheol 47(1):37–58. https://doi.org/10.1122/1.1530623
Lerdwijitjarud W, Sirivat A, Larson RG (2004) Influence of dispersed-phase elasticity on steady-state deformation and breakup of droplets in simple shearing flow of immiscible polymer blends. J Rheol 48(4):843–862. https://doi.org/10.1122/1.1753275
Levine S, Bowen BD, Partridge SJ (1989) Stabilization of emulsions by fine particles II. Capillary and van der Waals forces between particles. Colloids and Surfaces 38(2):345–364. https://doi.org/10.1016/0166-6622(89)80272-0
Liu Y, Kong B, Yang X (2005) Studies on some factors influencing the interfacial tension measurement of polymers. Polymer 46(8):2811–2816. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2005.01.073
Loeb GI, Schrader ME (2013) Modern approaches to wettability: theory and applications. Springer Science & Business Media, Berlin
Luciani A, Champagne MF, Utracki LA (1997) Interfacial tension coefficient from the retraction of ellipsoidal drops. J Polym Sci B Polym Phys 35(9):1393–1403. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-0488(19970715)35:9<1393::AID-POLB9>3.0.CO;2-N
Maani A, Blais B, Heuzey MC, Carreau PJ (2012) Rheological and morphological properties of reactively compatibilized thermoplastic olefin (TPO) blends. J Rheol 56(3):625–647. https://doi.org/10.1122/1.3700966
Macaúbas PHP, Kawamoto H, Takahashi M, Okamoto K, Takigawa T (2007) Shape and structure recovery of an LCP droplet under a large step strain: observation and stress calculation. Rheol Acta 46(7):921–932. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00397-007-0175-x
Maffettone PL, Minale M (1998) Equation of change for ellipsoidal drops in viscous flow. J Non-Newtonian Fluid Mech 78(2–3):227–241. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0377-0257(98)00065-2
Mao C, Kong M, Yang Q, Li G, Huang Y (2016) Droplet coalescence and clustering behavior in microsphere-filled polymeric emulsions under shear flow: the key role of asymmetric interfacial affinities. Phys Chem Chem Phys Royal Society of Chemistry 18(6):4429–4436. https://doi.org/10.1039/C5CP07728A
Mighri F, Carreau PJ, Ajji A (1998) Influence of elastic properties on drop deformation and breakup in shear flow. J Rheol. 42(6):1477–1490. https://doi.org/10.1122/1.550897
Milner ST (1996) How copolymers promote mixing of immiscible homopolymers. J Rheol 40(4):663–687. https://doi.org/10.1122/1.550731
Mo H, Zhou C, Yu W (2000) A new method to determine interfacial tension from the retraction of ellipsoidal drops. J Non-Newtonian Fluid Mech 91(2–3):221–232. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0377-0257(99)00103-2
Moghimi E, Goharpey F, Foudazi R (2014) Role of droplet bridging on the stability of particle-containing immiscible polymer blends. Rheol Acta 53(2):165–180. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00397-013-0752-0
Monteux C, Kirkwood J, Xu H, Jung E, Fuller GG (2007) Determining the mechanical response of particle-laden fluid interfaces using surface pressure isotherms and bulk pressure measurements of droplets. Phys Chem Chem Phys 9(48):6344–6350. https://doi.org/10.1039/b708962g
Murray BS, Ettelaie R (2004) Foam stability: proteins and nanoparticles. Curr Opin Colloid Interface Sci 9(5):314–320. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cocis.2004.09.004
Okamoto K, Iwatsuki S, Ishikawa M, Takahashi M (2008) Hydrodynamic interaction and coalescence of two droplets under large step shear strains. Polymer 49(8):2014–2017. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2008.03.003
Owens DK, Wendt RC (1969) Estimation of the surface free energy of polymers. J Appl Polym Sci 13(8):1741–1747. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.1969.070130815
Paulson DS (2009) Biostatistics and microbiology: a survival manual, Korea-Australia rheology. Springer New York, New York. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-77282-0
Peng X, Huang Y, Xia T, Kong M, Li G (2011) Shapes of dispersed phase in confined PIB/PDMS blends with different compositions during shear flow. Eur Polym J 47(10):1956–1963. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2011.07.008
Pickering SU (1907) CXCVI.—emulsions. J Chem Soc Trans 91:2001–2021. https://doi.org/10.1039/CT9079102001
Ramic AJ, Stehlin JC, Hudson SD, Jamieson AM, Manas-Zloczower I (2000) Influence of block copolymer on droplet breakup and coalescence in model immiscible polymer blends. Macromolecules 33(2):371–374. https://doi.org/10.1021/ma990420c
Rienstra SW (1990) The shape of a sessile drop for small and large surface tension. J Eng Math 24(3):193–202. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00058465
Sanjari Shahrezaei MA, Goharpey F, Foudazi R (2017) Effect of particle-particle and polymer-particle interactions on nanosilica aggregation in polystyrene. Polym Compos 39(8):2904–2914. https://doi.org/10.1002/pc.24287
Sigillo I, di Santo L, Guido S, Grizzuti N (1997) Comparative measurements of interfacial tension in a model polymer blend. Polym Eng Sci 37(9):1540–1549. https://doi.org/10.1002/pen.11802
Sinha Ray S, Pouliot S, Bousmina M, Utracki LA (2004) Role of organically modified layered silicate as an active interfacial modifier in immiscible polystyrene/polypropylene blends. Polymer 45(25):8403–8413. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2004.10.009
Son Y (2006) Comparative measurement of interfacial tension by transient dynamic methods. J Appl Polym Sci 99(4):1910–1918. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.22670
Son Y, Migler KB (2002) Interfacial tension measurement between immiscible polymers: improved deformed drop retraction method. Polymer 43(10):3001–3006. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0032-3861(02)00097-6
Stancik EJ, Fuller GG (2004) Connect the drops: using solids as adhesives for liquids. Langmuir 20(12):4805–4808. https://doi.org/10.1021/la049778e
Stöckelhuber KW, Das A, Jurk R, Heinrich G (2010) Contribution of physico-chemical properties of interfaces on dispersibility, adhesion and flocculation of filler particles in rubber. Polymer 51(9):1954–1963. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2010.03.013
Taguet A, Cassagnau P, Lopez-Cuesta J-M (2014) Structuration, selective dispersion and compatibilizing effect of (nano)fillers in polymer blends. Prog Polym Sci 39(8):1526–1563. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2014.04.002
Takahashi M, Okamoto K (2007) Retraction of rod-like and spheroidal droplets and stress relaxation after step shear strain in polymer blends. Nihon Reoroji Gakkaishi 35(4):199–205. https://doi.org/10.1678/rheology.35.199
Tarimala S, Ranabothu SR, Vernetti JP, Dai LL (2004) Mobility and in situ aggregation of charged microparticles at oil−water interfaces. Langmuir 20(13):5171–5173. https://doi.org/10.1021/la0495480
Taylor GI (1932) The viscosity of a fluid containing small drops of another fluid. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A 138(834):41–48. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspa.1932.0169
Thareja P, Velankar S (2006) Particle-induced bridging in immiscible polymer blends. Rheol Acta 46(3):405–412. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00397-006-0130-2
Thareja P, Moritz K, Velankar SS (2010) Interfacially active particles in droplet/matrix blends of model immiscible homopolymers: particles can increase or decrease drop size. Rheol Acta 49(3):285–298. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00397-009-0421-5
Tong W, Huang Y, Liu C, Chen X, Yang Q, Li G (2010) The morphology of immiscible PDMS/PIB blends filled with silica nanoparticles under shear flow. Colloid Polym Sci 288(7):753–760. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00396-010-2201-2
Tucker CL III, Moldenaers P (2002) Microstructural evolution in polymer blends. Annu Rev Fluid Mech 34(1):177–210. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.fluid.34.082301.144051
Utracki LA (1990) Polymer alloys and blends: thermodynamics and rheology. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich, 356 pp
Vandebril S, Vermant J, Moldenaers P (2010) Efficiently suppressing coalescence in polymer blends using nanoparticles: role of interfacial rheology. Soft Matter 6(14):3353. https://doi.org/10.1039/b927299b
Vermant J, Cioccolo G, Golapan Nair K, Moldenaers P (2004) Coalescence suppression in model immiscible polymer blends by nano-sized colloidal particles. Rheol Acta 43(5):529–538. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00397-004-0381-8
Vermant J, Vandebril S, Dewitte C, Moldenaers P (2008) Particle-stabilized polymer blends. Rheol Acta 47(7):835–839. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00397-008-0285-0
Viades-Trejo J, Gracia-Fadrique J (2007) Spinning drop method. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 302(1–3):549–552. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfa.2007.03.033
Vinckier I, Moldenaers P, Mewis J (1997) Transient rheological response and morphology evolution of immiscible polymer blends. J Rheol 41(3):705–718. https://doi.org/10.1122/1.550870
Wagner M, Wolf BA (1993) Interfacial tension between polyisobutylene and poly(dimethylsiloxane): influence of chain length, temperature, and solvents. Macromolecules 26(24):6498–6502. https://doi.org/10.1021/ma00076a029
Xing P, Bousmina M, Rodrigue D, Kamal MR (2000) Critical experimental comparison between five techniques for the determination of interfacial tension in polymer blends: model system of polystyrene/polyamide-6. Macromolecules 33(21):8020–8034. https://doi.org/10.1021/ma000537x
Yamane H, Takahashi M, Hayashi R, Okamoto K, Kashihara H, Masuda T (1998) Observation of deformation and recovery of poly(isobutylene) droplet in a poly(isobutylene)/poly(dimethyl siloxane) blend after application of step shear strain. J Rheol 42(3):567–580. https://doi.org/10.1122/1.550932
Yu W, Bousmina M, Zhou C, Tucker CL III (2004) Theory for drop deformation in viscoelastic systems. J Rheol 48(2):417–438
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Siahcheshm, P., Goharpey, F. & Foudazi, R. Droplet retraction in the presence of nanoparticles with different surface modifications. Rheol Acta 57, 729–743 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00397-018-1105-9
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00397-018-1105-9