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The effects of monsoons and climate teleconnections on the Niangziguan Karst Spring discharge in North China

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Abstract

Karst aquifers supply drinking water for 25 % of the world’s population, and they are, however, vulnerable to climate change. This study is aimed to investigate the effects of various monsoons and teleconnection patterns on Niangziguan Karst Spring (NKS) discharge in North China for sustainable exploration of the karst groundwater resources. The monsoons studied include the Indian Summer Monsoon, the West North Pacific Monsoon and the East Asian Summer Monsoon. The climate teleconnection patterns explored include the Indian Ocean Dipole, E1 Niño Southern Oscillation, and the Pacific Decadal Oscillation. The wavelet transform and wavelet coherence methods are used to analyze the karst hydrological processes in the NKS Basin, and reveal the relations between the climate indices with precipitation and the spring discharge. The study results indicate that both the monsoons and the climate teleconnections significantly affect precipitation in the NKS Basin. The time scales that the monsoons resonate with precipitation are strongly concentrated on the time scales of 0.5-, 1-, 2.5- and 3.5-year, and that climate teleconnections resonate with precipitation are relatively weak and diverged from 0.5-, 1-, 2-, 2.5-, to 8-year time scales, respectively. Because the climate signals have to overcome the resistance of heterogeneous aquifers before reaching spring discharge, with high energy, the strong climate signals (e.g. monsoons) are able to penetrate through aquifers and act on spring discharge. So the spring discharge is more strongly affected by monsoons than the climate teleconnections. During the groundwater flow process, the precipitation signals will be attenuated, delayed, merged, and changed by karst aquifers. Therefore, the coherence coefficients between the spring discharge and climate indices are smaller than those between precipitation and climate indices. Further, the fluctuation of the spring discharge is not coincident with that of precipitation in most situations. Karst spring discharge as a proxy can represent groundwater resource variability at a regional scale, and is more strongly influenced by climate variation.

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Acknowledgments

This work is partially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China 41272245, 41402210, 40972165, and 40572150, and China Scholarship Council 201508120014. Our thanks extend to Dr. Yoshiyuki Kajikawa for providing the monthly mean data of ISM and WNPM indices, and Professor Jianping Li for providing the monthly mean data of EASM index. The authors sincerely thank two anonymous reviewers for their detailed and constructive comments to improve this manuscript.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. College of Mathematical Science, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, 300387, China

    Juan Zhang

  2. Tianjin Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Environment, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, 300387, China

    Yonghong Hao

  3. Department of Ecology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, Guangdong, China

    Bill X. Hu

  4. Department of Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, 32306, USA

    Bill X. Hu

  5. College of Global Change and Earth System Science (GCESS), Joint Center for Global Change Studies, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China

    Xueli Huo

  6. College of Urban and Environmental Science, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, 300387, China

    Xueli Huo

  7. School of Computer Software, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China

    Pengmei Hao

  8. State Key Laboratory of Marine Geology, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China

    Zhongfang Liu

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  1. Juan Zhang
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  2. Yonghong Hao
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  3. Bill X. Hu
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Correspondence to Bill X. Hu.

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Zhang, J., Hao, Y., Hu, B.X. et al. The effects of monsoons and climate teleconnections on the Niangziguan Karst Spring discharge in North China. Clim Dyn 48, 53–70 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-016-3062-2

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-016-3062-2

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