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Effects of photoperiod, temperature and aging on adult diapause termination and post-diapause development in female Asian comma butterflies, Polygonia c-aureum Linnaeus (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae)

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Abstract

Polygonia c-aureum females exhibit photoperiodically induced imaginal diapause, characterized by cessation of ovarian development. Females grown at a short daylength (SD) entered imaginal diapause, whereas those grown at a long daylength (LD) produced eggs rapidly after adult emergence at 21 °C. The termination of diapause was influenced by daylength: diapause ended faster at LD than SD. Complete termination of diapause took 30 days in unchilled females reared under LD at 21 °C. On the other hand, prompt, synchronized and strong diapause termination occurred at post-chilling periods. Photoperiods at post-chilling periods affected ovarian development, when the length of pre-chilling periods or the length of chilling periods was shorter, suggesting that these treatments were not enough to complete diapause development. Ovarian development proceeded earlier in chilled and subsequent warmed females than unchilled females. Wing damage was remarkable at post-chilling periods when females were reared under an adequate length of pre-chilling and chilling periods, especially comparing with females under pre-overwintering conditions without chilling, indicating that post-diapause reproductive development was weak in unchilled females. Thus, exposure to low temperatures is necessary for a strong diapause termination in this butterfly.

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Acknowledgements

We thank for Dr. S. Tanaka of the National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences (NIAS) for critical reading of the manuscript. Thanks are also due to Dr. S. Moriya, Dr. K. Tateishi and Mr. K. Takashino for their help.

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Author notes

  1. Satoshi Hiroyoshi

    Present address: , Kawagoe, Japan

  2. Jun Mitsuhashi

    Present address: , 1-28-13 Koishikawa, Bunkyouku, Tokyo, 112-0002, Japan

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Laboratory of Applied Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo, 183-0054, Japan

    Satoshi Hiroyoshi & Jun Mitsuhashi

  2. Department of Research Centers, Western Triangle Agricultural Research Center, Montana State University, 9546 Old Shelby Rd., P.O. Box 656, Conrad, MT, 59425, USA

    Gadi V. P. Reddy

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  1. Satoshi Hiroyoshi
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All applicable international, national, and/or institutional guidelines for the care and use of animals were followed. All procedures performed in studies involving animal were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institution or practice at which the studies were conducted.

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Hiroyoshi, S., Reddy, G.V.P. & Mitsuhashi, J. Effects of photoperiod, temperature and aging on adult diapause termination and post-diapause development in female Asian comma butterflies, Polygonia c-aureum Linnaeus (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae). J Comp Physiol A 204, 849–858 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00359-018-1284-y

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