Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Kinematics and dynamics of green water on a fixed platform in a large wave basin in focusing wave and random wave conditions

  • Research Article
  • Published:
Experiments in Fluids Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Green water kinematics and dynamics due to wave impingements on a simplified geometry, fixed platform were experimentally investigated in a large, deep-water wave basin. Both plane focusing waves and random waves were employed in the generation of green water. The focusing wave condition was designed to create two consecutive plunging breaking waves with one impinging on the frontal vertical wall of the fixed platform, referred as wall impingement, and the other directly impinging on the deck surface, referred as deck impingement. The random wave condition was generated using the JONSWAP spectrum with a significant wave height approximately equal to the freeboard. A total of 179 green water events were collected in the random wave condition. By examining the green water events in random waves, three different flow types are categorized: collapse of overtopping wave, fall of bulk water, and breaking wave crest. The aerated flow velocity was measured using bubble image velocimetry, while the void fraction was measured using fiber optic reflectometry. For the plane focusing wave condition, measurements of impact pressure were synchronized with the flow velocity and void fraction measurements. The relationship between the peak pressures and the pressure rise times is examined. For the high-intensity impact in the deck impingement events, the peak pressures are observed to be proportional to the aeration levels. The maximum horizontal velocities in the green water events in random waves are well represented by the lognormal distribution. Ritter’s solution is shown to quantitatively describe the green water velocity distributions under both the focusing wave condition and the random wave condition. A prediction equation for green water velocity distribution under random waves is proposed.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10
Fig. 11
Fig. 12
Fig. 13
Fig. 14
Fig. 15
Fig. 16
Fig. 17
Fig. 18
Fig. 19
Fig. 20

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Ariyarathne K, Chang K-A, Mercier R (2012) Green water impact pressure on a three-dimensional model structure. Exp Fluids 53(6):1879–1894

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bagnold RA (1939) Interim report on wave-pressure research. Inst Civ Eng 12:201–226

    Google Scholar 

  • Bredmose H, Peregrine DH, Bullock GN (2009) Violent breaking wave impacts. Part 2: modelling the effect of air. J Fluid Mech 641:389–430

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  • Buchner B, 1995. The impact of green water on FPSO design. In: Paper no. OTC 7698. Offshore Technology Conference, Houston, Texas, USA, pp. 47–57

  • Bullock GN, Crawford AR, Hewson PJ, Walkden MJA, Bird PAD (2001) The influence of air and scale on wave impact pressures. Coast Eng 42(4):291–312

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bullock GN, Obhrai C, Peregrine DH, Bredmose H (2007) Violent breaking wave impacts. Part 1: results from large-scale regular wave tests on vertical and sloping walls. Coast Eng 54(8):602–617

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chan ES, Melville WK (1988) Deep-water plunging wave pressures on a vertical plane wall. Proc R Soc Lond Ser A Math Phys Sci 417(1852):95–131

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chang K-A, Lim H-J, Su C-B (2003) Fiber optic reflectometer for velocity and fraction ratio measurements in multiphase flows. Rev Sci Instrum 74(7):3559–3565

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chang K-A, Ariyarathne K, Mercier R (2011) Three-dimensional green water velocity on a model structure. Exp Fluids 51(2):327–345

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chuang W-L, Chang K-A, Mercier R (2015) Green water velocity due to breaking wave impingement on a tension leg platform. Exp Fluids 56(7):1–21

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chuang W-L, Chang K-A, Mercier R (2016) Impact pressure, void fraction, and green water velocity due to plunging breaking wave impingement on a 2d tension-leg structure. In: ASME. International conference on offshore mechanics and arctic engineering, Busan, South Korea, p V007T06A065

  • Chuang W-L, Chang K-A, Mercier R (2017) Impact pressure and void fraction due to plunging breaking wave impact on a 2d TLP structure. Exp Fluids 58:68

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cuomo G, Allsop W, Takahashi S (2010a) Scaling wave impact pressures on vertical walls. Coast Eng 57(6):604–609

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cuomo G, Allsop W, Bruce T, Pearson J (2010b) Breaking wave loads at vertical seawalls and breakwaters. Coast Eng 57(4):424–439

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hattori M, Arami A, Yui T (1994) Wave impact pressure on vertical walls under breaking waves of various types. Coast Eng 22(1–2):79–114

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hull P, Muller G (2002) An investigation of breaker heights, shapes and pressures. Ocean Eng 29(1):59–79

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lim H-J, Chang K-A, Huang Z-C, Na B (2015) Experimental study on plunging breaking waves in deep water. J Geophys Res Oceans 120(3):2007–2049

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lin C, Hsieh S-C, Lin I-J, Chang K-A, Raikar RV (2012) Flow property and self-similarity in steady hydraulic jumps. Exp Fluids 53(5):1591–1616

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ma ZH, Causon DM, Qian L, Mingham CG, Mai T, Greaves D, Raby A (2016) Pure and aerated water entry of a flat plate. Phys Fluids 28(1):016104

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mori N, Cox DT (2003) Dynamic properties of green water event in the overtopping of extreme waves on a fixed dock. Ocean Eng 30(16):2021–2052

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Na B, Chang KA, Huang ZC, Lim HJ (2016) Turbulent flow field and air entrainment in laboratory plunging breaking waves. J Geophys Res Oceans 121(5):2980–3009

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nielsen KB, Mayer S (2004) Numerical prediction of green water incidents. Ocean Eng 31(3–4):363–399

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ochi MK, Tsai CH (1984) Prediction of impact pressure-induced by breaking waves on vertical cylinders in random seas. Appl Ocean Res 6(3):157–165

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Peregrine DH (2003) Water-wave impact on walls. Annu Rev Fluid Mech 35:23–43

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  • Peregrine DH, Thais L (1996) The effect of entrained air in violent water wave impacts. J Fluid Mech 325:377–397

    Article  MATH  Google Scholar 

  • Plumerault L-R, Astruc D, Maron P (2012) The influence of air on the impact of a plunging breaking wave on a vertical wall using a multifluid model. Coast Eng 62:62–74

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ritter A (1892) Fortpflanzung der wasserwellen. Vereine Deutscher Ingenieure Zeitswchrift 36(33):947–954

    Google Scholar 

  • Ryu Y, Chang K-A (2008) Green water void fraction due to breaking wave impinging and overtopping. Exp Fluids 45(5):883–898

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ryu Y, Chang K-A, Lim HJ (2005) Use of bubble image velocimetry for measurement of plunging wave impinging on structure and associated green water. Meas Sci Technol 16(10):1945–1953

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ryu YG, Chang K-A, Mercier R (2007a) Runup and green water velocities due to breaking wave impinging and overtopping. Exp Fluids 43(4):555–567

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ryu Y, Chang K-A, Mercier R (2007b) Application of dam-break flow to green water prediction. Appl Ocean Res 29(3):128–136

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schonberg T, Rainey RCT (2002) A hydrodynamic model of green water incidents. Appl Ocean Res 24(5):299–307

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Song YK, Chang K-A, Ryu Y, Kwon SH (2013) Experimental study on flow kinematics and impact pressure in liquid sloshing. Exp Fluids 54(9):1–20

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Song YK, Chang K-A, Ariyarathne K, Mercier R (2015) Surface velocity and impact pressure of green water flow on a fixed model structure in a large wave basin. Ocean Eng 104:40–51

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wood DJ, Peregrine DH, Bruce T (2000) Wave impact on a wall using pressure-impulse theory. I: trapped air. J Waterw Port Coast Ocean Eng 126:182–190

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhou D, Chan ES, Melville WK (1991) Wave impact pressures on vertical cylinders. Appl Ocean Res 13(5):220–234

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

The authors wish to thank the financial support provided by the Offshore Technology Research Center through its Industry Consortium, under the project entitled “Implementation of bubble image velocimetry in OTRC wave basin”.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Zachry Department of Civil Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA

    Wei-Liang Chuang, Kuang-An Chang & Richard Mercier

  2. Department of Ocean Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA

    Kuang-An Chang

Authors
  1. Wei-Liang Chuang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Kuang-An Chang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Richard Mercier
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Kuang-An Chang.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Additional information

Publisher’s Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Chuang, WL., Chang, KA. & Mercier, R. Kinematics and dynamics of green water on a fixed platform in a large wave basin in focusing wave and random wave conditions. Exp Fluids 59, 100 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-018-2554-8

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-018-2554-8

Search

Navigation