Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Small things can make a big difference: a comparison of pollen and macrobotanical records of some food plants from medieval and post-medieval cesspits in the Netherlands and northern Belgium

  • Original Article
  • Published:
Vegetation History and Archaeobotany Aims and scope Submit manuscript

A Correction to this article was published on 19 December 2018

This article has been updated

Abstract

This paper presents a review of records of pollen and botanical macroremains of a selection of food plants from late and post-medieval cesspits (12th century-19th century ad) in the Netherlands and northern Belgium. The presented data demonstrate that several food plants remain largely invisible in the macrobotanical records. These are all plants from which the flowers or flower buds (Borago officinalis, Capparis, Carthamus tinctorius, Crocus sativus, Syzygium aromaticum) or leaves (Anthriscus cerefolium, Spinacia oleracea) are eaten, or that are typical components of honey (Cistus). As a result, little is known about the import or local production and consumption of these food plants in these times. This review now shows that past use of some of these plants is reflected in the pollen assemblages of (post-) medieval cesspits. For the first time, a large archaeobotanical dataset is presented, including pollen, providing information on the past use of these plants between the 12th and 19th century ad in the Netherlands and Belgium.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10

Similar content being viewed by others

Change history

  • 19 December 2018

    In the original publication, the caption of Fig. 1 is partly missing. It has been updated in this correction.

References

  • Addyman PV (1989) The archaeology of public health at York, England. World Archaeol 21:244–264

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Andersen SB, Torp AM (2011) Spinacia Chap. 13. In: Kole C (ed) Wild crop relatives: genomic and breeding resources vegetables. Springer, Berlin, pp 273–276

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Ansorge J, Wiethold J (2005) Reis, Pfeffer und Piment - Pflanzenreste des späten 18. Jahrhunderts aus der Latrine eines Greifswalder Universitätsprofessors. Archäol Ber Mecklenburg-Vorpommern 12:144–162

    Google Scholar 

  • Badura M (2003) Pimenta officinalis Lindl. (pimento, myrtle pepper) from early modern latrines in Gdańsk (northern Poland). Veget Hist Archaeobot 12:249–252

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Badura M, Możejko B, Święta-Musznicka J, Latałowa M (2015) The comparison of archaeobotanical data and the oldest documentary records (14th-15th century) of useful plants in medieval Gdańsk, northern Poland. Veget Hist Archaeobot 24:441–454

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Barton BH, Castle T, Jackson JR (1877) British flora medica. E. Cox, London

  • Beug H-J (2004) Leitfaden der Pollenbestimmung für Mitteleuropa und angrenzende Gebiete. Pfeil, München

  • Bonvehi JS, Coll FV (1993) Physico-chemical properties, composition and pollen spectrum of French lavender (Lavandula stoechas L.) honey produced in Spain. Zeitschr Lebensmittel-Untersuchung -Forsch 196:511–517

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bosi G, Mazzanti MB, Florenzano A et al (2011) Seeds/fruits, pollen and parasite remains as evidence of site function: piazza Garibaldi–Parma (N Italy) in Roman and Mediaeval times. J Archaeol Sci 38:1,621–1,633

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bowles EH (1952) A handbook of Crocus and Colchicum. Bodley Head, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Brinkkemper O (2013) Archeobotanisch onderzoek. In: Ploegaert PHJI (ed) Rotterdam Markthal. Archeologisch onderzoek 2. Bewoningssporen en vondsten uit de stedelijke periode (14e-18e eeuw); de bedijking van en de bewoning op het voormalige Westnieuwland in Rotterdam. BOOR, Rotterdam, pp 287–355, (BOORrapporten 469–462)

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown A, Badura M, King G, Gos K, Cerina A, Kalnina L, Pluskowski A (2017) Plant macrofossil, pollen and invertebrate analysis of a mid-14th century cesspit from medieval Riga, Latvia (the eastern Baltic): Taphonomy and indicators of human diet. J Archaeol Sci Rep 11:674–682

    Google Scholar 

  • Caiola MG, Di Somma D, Lauretti P (2000) Comparative study of pollen and pistil in Crocus sativus L. (Iridaceae) and allied species. Ann di Botanica 58:73–82

    Google Scholar 

  • Clarke GCS (1977) The northwest European pollen Flora, 2: Boraginaceae. Rev Palaeobot Palynol 24:59–101

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • De Clercq W, Caluwé D, Cooremans B et al (2007) Living in times of war: waste of c. 1600 from two garderobe chutes in the castle of Middelburg-in-Flanders (Belgium). Postmed Archaeol 41:1–63

    Google Scholar 

  • De Groote K, Moens J, Caluwé D et al (2004) De Valcke, de Slotele en de Lelye, burgerwoningen op de Grote Markt te Aalst (prov. Oost-Vlaanderen): onderzoek naar de bewoners, analyse van een vroeg-16de eeuwse beerputvulling en de evolutie tot stadhuis. Archeologie in Vlaanderen 8:281–408

    Google Scholar 

  • De Groote K, Moens J, Caluwé D et al (2009) Op zoek naar de oudste middeleeuwse bewoning aan de Grote Markt te Aalst (prov. Oost-Vlaanderen). Het onderzoek van afval- en beerkuilen uit de twaalfde tot de veertiende eeuw. Relicta 4:135–204

    Google Scholar 

  • Dean GW (2006) The science of coprolite analysis: the view from Hinds cave. Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol 237:67–79

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Deforce K (2006) The historical use of ladanum. Palynological evidence from 15th and 16th century cesspits in northern Belgium. Veget Hist Archaeobot 15:145–148

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Deforce K (2010) Pollen analysis of 15th century cesspits from the palace of the dukes of Burgundy in Bruges (Belgium): evidence for the use of honey from the western Mediterranean. J Archaeol Sci 37:337–342

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Deforce K (2013) Pollen uit de vullingen van de beerputten. In: Pieters M (ed) Het archeologisch onderzoek in Raversijde (Oostende) in de periode 1992–2005. Onroerend Erfgoed, Brussels, pp 326–331 (Relicta Monografieën 8)

    Google Scholar 

  • Deforce K (2017) The interpretation of pollen assemblages from medieval and post-medieval cesspits: new results from northern Belgium. Quat Int 460:124–134

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dickson C (1996) Food, medicinal and other plants from the 15th century drains of Paisley Abbey, Scotland. Veget Hist Archaeobot 5:25–31

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Diot MF, Laborie Y (1989) Palynologie et histoire urbaine. Essai sur la dynamique du paysage du I er au XV e siècle autour du site de Bergerac. (Dordogne) Aquitania 7:143–173

    Google Scholar 

  • Dodoens R (1644) Cruydtboeck. Herziene druk met bijvoegsels van Carolius Clusius, Antwerpen. https://www.leesmaar.nl/cruydtboeck/. Accessed on 30 Sept 1016

  • Fægri K, Iversen J (1989) Textbook of pollen analysis, 4th edn. In Kaland PE, Krzywinski K Wiley, Chichester

    Google Scholar 

  • Flandrin J-L, Lambert C (1998) Fêtes gourmandes au moyen âge. Imprimerie Nationale, Paris

    Google Scholar 

  • Flores Olvera H, Fuentes-Soriano S, Martínez Hernández E (2006) Pollen morphology and systematics of Atripliceae (Chenopodiaceae). Grana 45:175–194

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gauthier A (2006) Analyse palynologique des latrines 2. In: Coste M-C (ed) Mode de vie et alimentation à la fin du Moyen Âge au château de Blandy-les-Tours Approche pluridisciplinaire des latrines de la salle de l’Auditoire, supplément 28. Revue Archéologique du Centre de la France, FÉRACF, Tours, pp 34–43

  • Giorgi J (1997) Diet in late medieval and early modern London: the archaeobotanical evidence. In: Gaimster D, Stamper P (eds) The age of transition: the archaeology of English culture 1400–1600, (The Society for Medieval Archaeology Monograph 15. Oxbow Monograph 98) Oxbow, Oxford, pp 197–213

    Google Scholar 

  • Gómez Ferreras C, Sáenz de Rivas C (1980) Analisis polinico de mieles de Caceres (España). Anales del Jardin Botanico de Madrid 36:191–201

    Google Scholar 

  • Greig J (1981) The investigation of a medieval barrel-latrine from Worcester. J Archaeol Sci 8:265–282

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Greig J (1982a) Garderobes, sewers, cesspits and latrines. Curr Archaeol 85:49–52

    Google Scholar 

  • Greig J (1982b) The interpretation of pollen spectra from urban archaeological deposits. In: Hall AR, Kenward HK (eds) Environmental archaeology in the urban context. (CBA Research Report 43) Council for British Archaeology, London, pp 47–65

    Google Scholar 

  • Greig J (1994) Pollen analysis of latrine fills from archaeological sites in Britain: results and future potential. In: Davis OK (ed) Aspects of archaeological palynology: methodology and applications. (AASP Contributions Series 29) Texas A&M University, Texas, pp 101–114

  • Greig J (1996) Archaeobotanical and historical records compared—a new look at the taphonomy of edible and other useful plants from the 11th to the 18th centuries ad. Circaea 12:211–247

    Google Scholar 

  • Hadorn Ph (1994) Saint-Blaise/Bains des Dames 1. Palynologie d’un site néolithique et histoire de la végétation des derniers 16 000 ans, Archeologie neuchâteloise 18. Musée cantonal d’archéologie, Neuchâtel

  • Hagh-Nazari S, Keifi N (2006) Saffron and various fraud manners in its production and trades. Acta Hortic 739:411–416

    Google Scholar 

  • Hallavant C, Ruas MP (2014) The first archaeobotanical evidence of Spinacia oleracea L. (spinach) in late 12th-mid 13th century ad France. Veget Hist Archaeobot 23:153–165

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hegi G (1975) Illustrierte flora von Mitteleuropa, Bd V, Teil 2. Parey, Berlin

    Google Scholar 

  • Hellwig M (1997) Plant remains from two cesspits (15th and 16th century) and a pond (13th century) from Göttingen, southern Lower Saxony, Germany. Veget Hist Archaeobot 6:105–116

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Horrocks M, Best SB (2004) Analysis of plant microfossils in early European latrine fills from Russell, northern New Zealand. Int J Hist Archaeol 8:267–280

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jankovská V (1987) Netradični interpretace pylových spekter ze středověké Prahy (Untradizionelle Interpretation der Pollenspektren aus dem mittelalterlichen Prag). Archeol Rozhledy 39:435–444

    Google Scholar 

  • Jankovská V (1995) Gewürznelke oder Myrte? Pollenanalytische Befunde eines Gewürzes aus dem Mittelalter. Archeol Rozhledy 47:481–486

    Google Scholar 

  • Jean MT, Pons A (1962) Une clef de détermination palynologique pour les Cistacées de la flore de France. Naturalia Monspeliensia 14:87–92

    Google Scholar 

  • Jean MT, Pons A (1963) Contribution á l’étude palynologique des Cistacées de la flore de France. Ann Sci Nat Bot Paris 12è série Tome 4:159–170

    Google Scholar 

  • Kelso GK (1998) Pollen analysis of the feature 4 privy at the Cross Street back lot site. Boston Massachusetts Hist Archaeol 32:49–62

    Google Scholar 

  • Kelso GK, Solomon AM (2006) Applying modern analogs to understand the pollen content of coprolites. Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol 237:80–91

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kiple KF, Ornelas KC (eds) (2000) The Cambridge world history of food, vol 2. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge

    Google Scholar 

  • Knörzer K-H (1984) Aussagemöglichkeiten von paläoethnobotanischen Latrinenuntersuchungen. In: van Zeist W, Casparie WA (eds) Plants and ancient man. Balkema, Rotterdam, pp 331–338

    Google Scholar 

  • Kooistra LI, Hänninen K, van Haaster H, Vermeeren C (1998) Voedselresten in beer en afval. Botanisch onderzoek aan beerputten, afvalkuilen en ophogingslagen van de steden Dordrecht en Nijmegen uit de 12e-20e eeuw. (BIAXiaal 52) BIAXconsult, Zaandam

  • Körber-Grohne U (1995) Nutzpflanzen in Deutschland von der Vorgeschichte bis heute. Theiss, Stuttgart

  • Krzywinski K, Fjelldal S, Soltvedt E (1983) Recent palaeoethnobotanical work at the medieval excavations at Bryggen, Bergen, Norway. In: Proudfoot B (ed) Site, environment and economy, BAR Int Ser 173. BAR, Oxford, pp 145–169

  • Kuijper WJ, Turner H (1992) Diet of a Roman centurion at Alphen aan den Rijn, The Netherlands, in the first century ad. Rev Palaeobot Palynol 73:187–204

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lambinon J, de Langhe JE, Delvosalle L, Duvigneaud J (1998) Flora van België, het Groothertogdom Luxemburg, Noord-Frankrijk en de aangrenzende gebieden (Pteridofyten en Spermatofyten). Nationale plantentuin van België, Meise

    Google Scholar 

  • Linskens HF, Jorde W (1997) Pollen as food and medicine—a review. Econ Bot 51:78–87

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Livarda A (2011) Spicing up life in northwestern Europe: exotic food plant imports in the Roman and medieval world. Veget Hist Archaeobot 20:143–164

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Livarda A, van der Veen M (2008) Social access and dispersal of condiments in North-West Europe from the Roman to the medieval period. Veget Hist Archaeobot 17:201–209

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Maia M, Russo-Almeida PA, Pereira JO (2005) Caracterização do espectro polinico dos mélis do Alentejo (Portugal). Silva Lusitana 13:95–103

    Google Scholar 

  • Marinova E, Riehl S (2009) Carthamus species in the ancient near east and south-eastern Europe: archaeobotanical evidence for their distribution and use as a source of oil. Veget Hist Archaeobot 18:341–349

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Märkle T (2005) Nutrition, aspects of land use and environment in medieval times in southern Germany: plant macro-remain analysis from latrines (late 11th-13th century ad) at the town of Überlingen, Lake Constance. Veget Hist Archaeobot 14:427–441

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Matsui A, Kanehara M, Kanehara M (2003) Palaeoparasitology in Japan: discovery of toilet features. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 98:127–136

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Meurers-Balke J, Zerl T, Kalis AJ (2015) Ein Häuschen im Garten - Pflanzenreste aus einer mittelalterlichen Latrine in Paderborn, Busdorfstift. Westfalen - Hefte für Geschichte. Kunst Volkskunde 93:251–263

    Google Scholar 

  • Moe D, Oeggl K (2014) Palynological evidence of mead: a prehistoric drink dating back to the 3rd millennium bc. Veget Hist Archaeobot 23:515–526

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Moffet L (1992) Fruits, vegetables, herbs and other plants from the latrine at Dudley Castle in central England, used by the Royalist garrison during the Civil War. Rev Palaeobot Palynol 73:271–286

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Moore PD, Webb JA, Collinson ME (1991) Pollen analysis, 2nd edn. Blackwell Science, Oxford

    Google Scholar 

  • Osbaldeston TA (2000) Dioscorides: De materia medica. Ibidis Press, Johannesburg transl)

    Google Scholar 

  • Paap N (1983) Economic plants in Amsterdam: qualitative and quantative analysis. In: Jones M (ed) Integrating the subsistence economy. (BAR Int Ser 181) BAR, Oxford, pp 315–325

  • Pieters M, Baeteman C, Bastiaens J et al (2013) Het archeologisch onderzoek in Raversijde (Oostende) in de periode 1992–2005. Vuurstenen artefacten, een Romeinse dijk, een 14de-eeuws muntdepot, een 15de-eeuwse sector van een vissers nederzetting en sporen van een vroeg-17de-eeuwse en een vroeg-18de-eeuwse belegering van Oostende. (Relicta Monografieën 8). Onroerend Erfgoed, Brussel

  • Pounds NJG (2005) The medieval city. Greenwood Press, Westport

    Google Scholar 

  • Preusz M, Kodýdková K, Kočár P, Vaněček Z (2015) Exotic spices in flux: Archaeobotanical material from medieval and early modern sites of the Czech Lands (Czech Republic). Interdiscip Archaeol 6:223–236

    Google Scholar 

  • Punt W (1984) Umbelliferae. In: Punt W, Clarcke GCS (eds) The Northwest European pollen flora, vol 4. Elsevier, Amsterdam

    Google Scholar 

  • Punt W, Hoen PP (2009) The Northwest European Pollen Flora, vol 7: Asteraceae—Asteroideae. Rev Palaeobot Palynol 157:22–183

    Google Scholar 

  • Purseglove JW, Brown EG, Green CL, Robbins SRJ (1981) Spices, vol 1. Longman, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Rivera D, Inocencio C, Obon C, Carreno E, Reales A, Alcaraz F (2002) Archaeobotany of capers (Capparis) (Capparaceae). Veget Hist Archaeobot 11:295–314

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rivera D, Inocencio C, Obón C, Alcaraz F (2003) Review of food and medicinal uses of Capparis L. subgenus Capparis (Capparidaceae). Econ Bot 57:515–534

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sabine EL (1934) Latrines and cess pools of medieval London. Speculum 9:304–321

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sáenz de Rivas (1979) Pollen morphology of Spanish Cistaceae. Grana 18:91–98

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Samford PM (1991) Pollen, parasites and privies: analysis of an early 18th century privy in Williamsburg. Q Bull Archaeol Soc Virginia 46:176–182

    Google Scholar 

  • Scaife RG (1982) Pollen report. In: Mills P (ed) Excavations at Broad Sanctuary, Westminster, Transactions of the London and Middlesex Archaeology Society 33. Museum of London, London, pp 360–365

  • Smeerdijk DG, Kooistra LI (2001) Palaeo-ecologisch onderzoek van de opgravingen in de VINEX-locatie Delfgauw, Gemeente Pijnacker. (BIAXiaal 127) BIAX Consult, Zaandam

  • Smith DN (2013) Defining an indicator package to allow identification of ‘cesspits’ in the archaeological record. J Archaeol Sci 40:526–543

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Speleers L, van der Valk JM (2015) Economic plants from medieval and post-medieval Brussels (Belgium), an overview of the archaeobotanical records. Quat Int 436:96–109

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Spencer C (2000) The British Isles. In: Kiple KF, Ornelas KC (eds) The Cambridge world history of food, vol 2. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge pp 1,217–1,226

    Google Scholar 

  • Sumbul S, Ahmad MA, Asif M, Akhtar M, Saud I (2012) Physico-chemical and phytochemical standardization of berries of Myrtus communis Linn. J Pharm Bioall Sci 4:322–326

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tack G, Ervynck A, van Bost G (1999) De monnik-manager. Abt De Loose in zijn abdij t’Ename. Davidsfonds, Leuven

    Google Scholar 

  • Thornhill AH, Hope GS, Craven LA, Crisp MD (2012a) Pollen morphology of the Myrtaceae. Part 2: tribes Backhousieae, Melaleuceae, Metrosidereae, Osbornieae and Syzygieae. Aust J Bot 60:200–224

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Thornhill AH, Hope GS, Craven LA, Crisp MD (2012b) Pollen morphology of the Myrtaceae. Part 4: tribes Kanieae, Myrteae and Tristanieae. Aust J Bot 60:260–289

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tutin TG, Heywood VH, Burges NA, Moore DM, Valentine DH, Walters SM, Webb DA (1978) Flora Europaea, vol 2. Rosaceae to Umbelliferae. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge

    Google Scholar 

  • Valdés B, Díez MJ, Fernández I (1987) Atlas polínico de Andalucía occidental. Instituto de Desarrollo Regional, Universidad de Sevilla, Excma

  • Van den Brink W (1989) Zaden en stuifmeel uit een put in “Den Prince van Luyck”. In: Heymans H (ed) Van put naar kluis. Historisch, bouwhistorisch en archeologisch onderzoek van “den Prince van Luyck” en “De Stadt Amsterdam” te Maaseik. Museactron, Maaseik, pp 266–276

  • Van der Meer W (2008) Peper en piment, archeobotanisch onderzoek aan macroresten en pollen uit Rotterdam-Wijnhaeve, 17e tot 20e eeuw. (BIAXiaal 364) BIAXconsult, Zaandam

  • Van der Meer W (in prep) Botanical remains. In: Symmonds J, Gawronski J (eds) Diaspora and identity: an integrated archaeological and historical investigation into material life, ethnicity, and diet in the district of Vlooienburg, Amsterdam (ad 1600–1800)

  • Van der Meijden R, Heukels H (1996) Heukels’ flora van Nederland. Wolters-Noordhoff, Groningen

    Google Scholar 

  • Van Haaster H (1990) Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) pollen in 14th century cesspits from ‘s-Hertogenbosch. Circaea 6:105–106

    Google Scholar 

  • Van Haaster H (1997) De introductie van cultuurgewassen in de Nederlanden tijdens de Middeleeuwen. In: Zeven AC (ed) De introductie van onze cultuurplanten en hun begeleiders van het Neolithicum tot 1500 ad. Vereniging voor Landbouwgeschiedenis, Wageningen, pp 53–91

  • Van Haaster H (2008) Archaeobotanica uit ‘s-Hertogenbosch. Milieuomstandigheden, bewoningsgeschiedenis en economische ontwikkeling in en rond een (post)middeleeuwse groeistad, Groningen Archaeological Studies 6. Barkhuis, Eelde

  • Van Haaster H (2010) Voedingsgewoonten en menselijke activiteit op het terrein van het Sint-Ursulaklooster in Delft. (BIAXiaal 463) BIAXconsult, Zaandam

  • Van Haaster H (2011) Archeobotanisch onderzoek in het plangebied Beneden Molendijk in Oud-Beijerland (16e-19e eeuw). (BIAXiaal 530) BIAXconsult, Zaandam

  • Van Haaster H (2012) Een archeobotanisch kijkje in de keuken van het paleis Huys ter Nieuburch in Rijswijk (1635–1786). (BIAXiaal 519) BIAXconsult, Zaandam

  • Van Haaster H, Brinkkemper O (1995) RADAR, a relational archaeobotanical database for advanced research. Veget Hist Archaeobot 4:117–125

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Van Oosten R (2015) De stad, het vuil en de beerput. De opkomst, verbreiding en neergang van de beerput in stedelijke context. Sidestone Press, Leiden

    Google Scholar 

  • Van Oosten R (2017) Cesspits and the P-P-P-P-problem: the pitfall of the Pompeii premise and the palimpsest. Quat Int 460:22–29

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Van Winter JM (2007) Spices and comfits. Collected papers on medieval food. Prospect Books, Totnes

  • Vaughan JG, Geissler CA (1997) The new Oxford book of food plants. Oxford University Press, Oxford

    Google Scholar 

  • Verhulst A (1999) The rise of cities in North-West Europe. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Weiss EA (2002) Spice crops. CABI Publishing, Oxon

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Wiethold J (1999) Pflanzenreste des Mittelalters und der frühen Neuzeit aus zwei Kloaken in der Hansestadt Rostock. Bodendenkmalpflege Mecklenburg-Vorpommern 1998 46:409–432

    Google Scholar 

  • Wiethold J (2000) “So nym dat ryß unde wasche id reyne unde wriff de hulsen alle wech… Botanische Ergebnisse zu Ernährung und Umwelt im frühneuzeitlichen Stralsund am Beispiel der Kloake Mühlenstraße 10. Archäol Ber Mecklenburg-Vorpommern 7:221–239

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilson CA (1973) Food and drink in Britain. Constable & Co. Ltd., London

    Google Scholar 

  • Zohary D, Hopf M, Weiss E (2012) Domestication of plants in the old world: the origin and spread of domesticated plants in Southwest Asia, Europe, and the Mediterranean Basin, 4th edn. Oxford University Press, Oxford

    Book  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Flanders Heritage Institute, Havenlaan 88 Bus 5, 1000, Brussels, Belgium

    Koen Deforce

  2. Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, OD Earth and History of Life, Vautierstraat 29, 1000, Brussels, Belgium

    Koen Deforce

  3. Cultural Heritage Agency, P.O. Box 1600, 3800 BP, Amersfoort, The Netherlands

    Otto Brinkkemper

  4. BIAX Consult, Symon Spiersweg 7-D2, 1506 RZ, Zaandam, The Netherlands

    Henk van Haaster & Mark Van Waijjen

Authors
  1. Koen Deforce
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Otto Brinkkemper
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Henk van Haaster
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Mark Van Waijjen
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Koen Deforce.

Additional information

Communicated by C. C. Bakels.

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations

Electronic supplementary material

Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.

Supplementary material 1 (DOCX 89 KB)

Supplementary material 2 (DOC 22 KB)

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Deforce, K., Brinkkemper, O., van Haaster, H. et al. Small things can make a big difference: a comparison of pollen and macrobotanical records of some food plants from medieval and post-medieval cesspits in the Netherlands and northern Belgium. Veget Hist Archaeobot 28, 433–445 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00334-018-0706-7

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00334-018-0706-7

Keywords

Search

Navigation