Abstract.
Despite the fact that major progress has been made in the development of new strategies for diagnosing and treating tuberculosis, the disease still remains a huge challenge for the world's health care. Numerous causes are responsible for this threat, but many of them cannot be resolved since a lot have cultural and social roots which cannot be changed easily. Furthermore, not all countries in the world have enough financial resources to provide essential support for their educational and therapeutic programs. One of the major challenges for tuberculosis is to deal with the growing and changing epidemic around the world, especially in the "low-income" countries. A new generation of clinicians as well as radiologists should be prepared to consider this "almost forgotten" disease as a new challenge at the beginning of this new millennium.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
References
Bates JH, Stead WW (1993) The history of tuberculosis as a global epidemic. Med Clin North Am 77:1205–1217
Herzog H (1998) History of tuberculosis. Respiration 65:5–15
Snider GL (1997) Tuberculosis then and now: a personal perspective on the last 50 years. Ann Intern Med 126:237–243
Rieder HL (1995) Epidemiology of tuberculosis in Europe. Eur Respir J Suppl 20:620-632
Iseman MD (2000) A clinician's guide to tuberculosis. Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, Philadelphia
Lauzardo M, Ashkin D (2000) Physiology at the dawn of the new century. A review of tuberculosis and the prospects for its elimination. Chest 117:1455–1473
Espinal MA, Laszlo A, Simonsen L et al. (2001) Global trends in resistance to antituberculous drugs. N Engl J Med 344:1294–1303
Van Dyck P, Vanhoenacker FM, Van den Brande P, De Schepper AM (2002) Imaging of pulmonary tuberculosis. Eur Radiol DOI 10.1007/s00330–002–1612–y
De Vuyst D, Vanhoenacker F, Gielen J, Bernaerts A, De Schepper AM (2002) Imaging features of musculoskeletal tuberculosis. Eur Radiol DOI 10.1007/s00330–002–1609–6
Bernaerts A, Vanhoenacker FM, Parizel PM, Van Goethem JWM, van Altena R, Laridon J (2002) Tuberculosis of the central nervous system: overview of neuroradiological findings. Eur Radiol DOI 10.1007/s00330–002–1608–7
Nagi B, Kochhar R, Bhasin DK, Singh K (2002) Colorectal tuberculosis. Eur Radiol DOI 10.1007/s00330–002–1409-z
Dye C, Scheele S, Dolin P, Pathania V, Raviglione MC (1999) Consensus statement. Global burden of tuberculosis. Estimated incidence, prevalence and mortality by country. WHO global surveillance and monitoring project. J Am Med Assoc 282:677–686
Zumla A, Mwaba P, Squire SB, Grange JM (1999) The tuberculosis pandemic: which way now? J Infect 38:74–79
Cantwell MF, Binkin NJ (1997) Impact of HIV on tuberculosis in sub-Saharan Africa: a regional perspective. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 1:205–214
Davies PD (1999) The effects of poverty and ageing on the increase in tuberculosis. Monaldi Arch Chest Dis 54:168–171
Raviglione MC, Sudre P, Rieder HL, Spinaci S, Kochi A (1993) Secular trends of tuberculosis in Western Europe. Bull World Health Organ 71:297–306
Dye C, Garnett GP, Sleeman K, Williams BG (1998) Prospects for worldwide tuberculosis control under the WHO DOTS strategy. Directly observed short-course therapy. Lancet 352:1886–1891
Duffield JS, Adams WH, Anderson M, Leitch AG (1996) Increasing incidence of tuberculosis in the young and the elderly in Scotland. Thorax 51:140–142
Van den Brande P, Uydebrouck M, Vermeire P, Demedts M (1997) Tuberculosis in asylum seekers in Belgium. Eur Respir J 10:610–614
Menzies D, Fanning A, Yuan L, Fitzgerald M (1995) Tuberculosis among health care workers. N Engl J Med 332:92–98
Zumla A, Malon P, Henderson J, Grange JM (2000) Impact of HIV infection on tuberculosis. Postgrad Med J 76:259–268
Daley CL, Small PM, Schecter GF, Schoolnik GK, McAdam RA, Jacobs WR Jr, Hopewell PC (1992) An outbreak of tuberculosis with accelerated progression among persons infected with the human immunodeficiency virus. An analysis using restriction-fragment-length polymorphism. N Engl J Med 326:231–235
Havlir DV, Barnes PF (1999) Tuberculosis in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection. N Engl J Med 340:367–373
Bloch AB, Cauthen GM, Onorato IM et al. (1994) Nationwide survey of drug-resistant tuberculosis in the United States. J Am Med Assoc 271:665–671
Cohn DL, Bustreo F, Raviglione MC (1997) Drug-resistant tuberculosis: review of the wordwide situation and the WHO/IUATLD global surveillance project. International Union against tuberculosis and lung disease. Clin Infect Dis 24:S121–S130
Park MM, Davis AL, Schluger NW, Cohen H, Rom WN (1996) Outcome of MDR-TB patients, 1983–1993. Prolonged survival with appropriate therapy. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 153:317–324
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
den Brande, P.V., Vanhoenacker, F. & Demedts, M. Tuberculosis at the beginning of the third millennium: one disease, three epidemics. Eur Radiol 13, 1767–1770 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00330-002-1636-3
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00330-002-1636-3