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Citrus plants exude proline and phytohormones under abiotic stress conditions

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This article describes the root exudation of proline and phytohormones in citrus and their involvement in salt- and heat-stress responses.

Abstract

Plants are constantly releasing several compounds to the rhizosphere through their roots, including primary and secondary metabolites. Root exudation can be affected by growth conditions, including pH, nutrient availability, soil salinity, or temperature. In vitro-cultured plants of two citrus genotypes with contrasting tolerance to salt- and heat-stress conditions were used as plant material. Proline and phytohormone contents in root exudates from plants subjected to salt or high-temperature conditions were evaluated. In addition, tissue damage and lipid peroxidation together with endogenous levels of chloride, proline, and phytohormones were determined in roots and shoots. Proline was released in larger quantities to the rhizosphere when plants were subjected to salt or heat stress. In each stress condition, the concentration of this amino acid was higher in the exudates obtained from plants tolerant to this particular stress condition. On the other hand, root exudation of phytohormones salicylic acid, indole acetic acid, abscisic acid, and jasmonic acid generally increased under both adverse conditions. Results confirm a phytohormone exudation in citrus plants, which had not been described previously and can have an important role in the rhizosphere communication. Moreover, stress conditions and the different tolerance of each genotype to the particular stress significantly modify the exudation pattern both quantitatively and qualitatively.

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Abbreviations

ABA:

Abscisic acid

AMF:

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi

CC:

Citrange carrizo

CIN:

t-Cinnamic acid

CM:

Citrus macrophylla

IAA:

3-Indole acetic acid

JA:

Jasmonic acid

MDA:

Malondialdehyde

RWC:

Relative water content

SA:

Salicylic acid

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Acknowledgements

This work was supported by the Spanish Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad (MINECO) and Universitat Jaume I through Grant Nos. AGL2016-76574-R and UJI-B2016-23, respectively. V.V.-P. was recipient of a predoctoral contract from the Universitat Jaume I (PREDOC/2013/31).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Departament de Ciències Agràries i del Medi Natural, Universitat Jaume I, 12071, Castellón de la Plana, Spain

    Vicente Vives-Peris, Aurelio Gómez-Cadenas & Rosa María Pérez-Clemente

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  1. Vicente Vives-Peris
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  2. Aurelio Gómez-Cadenas
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  3. Rosa María Pérez-Clemente
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Correspondence to Rosa María Pérez-Clemente.

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Communicated by Prakash P. Kumar.

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Vives-Peris, V., Gómez-Cadenas, A. & Pérez-Clemente, R.M. Citrus plants exude proline and phytohormones under abiotic stress conditions. Plant Cell Rep 36, 1971–1984 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00299-017-2214-0

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