Preparation and characterization of carboxylated acrylonitrile butadiene rubber/carboxylated styrene butadiene rubber (XNBR/XSBR) nanocomposites in the presence of dichlorocarbene-modified SBR (DCSBR) compatibilizer and montmorillonite

Polymer Bulletin volume 78, pages1637–1669(2021)Cite this article

Abstract

Rubber nanocomposites based on carboxylated acrylonitrile butadiene rubber and carboxylated styrene butadiene rubber (XNBR/XSBR) with different compositions (100/0, 80/20, 60/40, 40/60, 20/80 and 0/100) and various montmorillonite (OMMT) contents with compatibilizer dichlorocarbene-modified SBR (DCSBR) were prepared. The results of rheometric tests showed that with adding DCSBR compatibilizer and increasing OMMT, the optimum curing time and scorch time decreased. The X-ray diffraction analysis indicated adding DCSBR compatibilizer causes increase in distance between the layers of silicate plates in the rubber phase of nanocomposites compared to OMMT powder. This phenomenon was also confirmed by direct observation of the microstructure by a transmitted electron microscope. The addition of OMMT and DCSBR compatibilizer surprisingly increased the mechanical properties such as elongation at break, tensile modulus, tensile strength and fatigue strength of the XNBR/XSBR (80/20).

This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution.

Access options

Buy single article

Instant access to the full article PDF.

US$ 39.95

Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Fig. 1
Scheme 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10
Fig. 11
Fig. 12
Fig. 13

References

  1. 1.

    Urban D, Takamura K. (2002) Polymer dispersions and their industrial applications. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH, 121. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/pi.1257

  2. 2.

    Calvert KO (1982) Polymer latices and their applications. Applied Science, London. 120. https://books.google.com/books. ISNB = 0412710404

  3. 3.

    Krzemińska S, Lipińska L, Woluntarski M, Mariusz O, Ślusarczyk C, Biniaś W, Smejda-Krzewicka A (2019) Hybrid XNBR composites with carbon and aluminosilicate nanofillers. Polym Bull pp 1–32

  4. 4.

    Azizli MJ, Khonakdar HA, Mokhtary M, Goodarzi M (2019) Investigating the effect of organoclay montmorillonite and rubber ratio composition on the enhancement compatibility and properties of carboxylated acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber/ethylene-propylene-diene monomer hybrid elastomer nanocomposites. J Polym Res 26:221–241

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. 5.

    Zhang Y, Park SJ (2017) Enhanced interfacial interaction by grafting carboxylated macromolecular chains on nanodiamond surfaces for epoxy based thermosets. J Polym Sci B Polym Phys 55:1890–1898

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

  6. 6.

    Vivaldo-Lima E, Saldívar-Guerra E (2013) Handbook of polymer synthesis, characterization, and processing: Wiley Online Library. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/book/10.1002/97811184807793

  7. 7.

    Carpenter JS, Bai C, Escobedo JP, Hwang JY, Ikhmayies S, Li B, Li J, Neves S, Peng Z, Zhang M. (2015) Characterization of minerals, metals, and materials, Springer International Publishing, Cham. https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783319513812

  8. 8.

    Satyanarayana M, Bhowmick AK, Kumar KD (2016) Preferentially fixing nanoclays in the phases of incompatible carboxylated nitrile rubber (XNBR)-natural rubber (NR) blend using thermodynamic approach and its effect on physico mechanical properties. Polymer 99:21–43

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

  9. 9.

    El-Nemr KF, Ali MAM, El-Sayed SN, Zahran MK (2018) Physical and chemical properties of gamma-irradiated styrene–butadiene rubber/vermiculite clay nanocomposites modified using maleic anhydride. Polym Bull 75:3587–3606

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

  10. 10.

    Mansilla MA, Valentín J, López-Manchado M, González-Jiménez A, Marzocca AJ (2016) Natural rubber/styrene-butadiene rubber blends prepared by solution mixing: influence of vulcanization temperature using a Semi-EV sulfur curing system on the microstructural properties. Eur Polym J 81:365–375

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

  11. 11.

    Salzano de Luna M, Filippone G (2016) Effects of nanoparticles on the morphology of immiscible polymer blends challenges and opportunities. Eur Polym J 79:198–218

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

  12. 12.

    Poornima Vijayan P, Puglia D, Pionteck J, Kenny JM, Thomas S (2015) Liquid-rubber-modified epoxy/clay nanocomposites: effect of dispersion methods on morphology and ultimate properties. Polym Bull 72:1703–1722

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. 13.

    Zhang X, Xue X, Yin Q, Jia H, Wang J, Ji Q, Xu Z (2017) Enhanced compatibility and mechanical properties of carboxylated acrylonitrile butadiene rubber/styrene butadiene rubber by using graphene oxide as reinforcing filler. Compo Part B Eng 111:243–250

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

  14. 14.

    Ramesan MT, Manoj Kumar TK, Alex R, Kuriakose B (2002) Investigations on the addition of styrene butadiene rubber in natural rubber and dichlorocarbene modified styrene butadiene rubber blends. J Mater Sci 37:109–116

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

  15. 15.

    Ramesan MT, Alex R (2001) Compatibilization of SBR/NBR blends using chemically modified styrene-co-butadiene rubber Part 2. Effect of compatibilizer loading. Polym Int 50:1298–1308

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

  16. 16.

    Roy K, Potiyaraj P (2019) Exploring the comparative effect of silane coupling agents with different functional groups on the cure, mechanical and thermal properties of nano-alumina (Al2O3)-based natural rubber (NR) compounds. Polym Bull 76:883–902

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

  17. 17.

    Sadeghalvaad M, Dabiri E, Zahmatkesh S, Afsharimoghadam P (2019) Preparation and properties evaluation of nitrile rubber nanocomposites reinforced with organo-clay, CaCO3, and SiO2 nanofillers. Polym Bull 76:3819–3839

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

  18. 18.

    Azizli MJ, Abbasizadeh S, Hoseini M, Rezaeinia S, Azizli E (2017) Influence of blend composition and organic cloisite 15A content in the structure of isobutylene–isoprene rubber/ethylene propylene diene monomer composites for investigation of morphology and mechanical properties. J Compos Mater 51:1861–1873

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

  19. 19.

    Azizli MJ, Naderi G, Bakhshandeh GR, Soltani S, Esmizadeh E (2014) Improvement in physical and mechanical properties of IIR/CR rubber blend organoclay nanocomposites. Rubber Chem Technol 87:10–20

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

  20. 20.

    Alipour A, Naderi G, Ghoreishy MH (2013) Effect of nanoclay content and matrix composition on properties and stress–strain behavior of NR/EPDM nanocomposites. J Appl Sci 127:1275–1284

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

  21. 21.

    Ai C, Gong G, Zhao X, Liu P (2017) Determination of carboxyl content in carboxylated nitrile butadiene rubber (XNBR) after degradation via olefin cross metathesis. Polym Test 60:250–252

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

  22. 22.

    Azizli MJ, Ziaee M, Rezaeinia S, Seyfi J, Azizli MH (2016) Studying the roles of nanoclay and blend composition on the improved properties of natural rubber/chloroprene composites. Polym Compos 39:1562–1574

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. 23.

    Keramati M, Ghasemi I, Karrabi M, Azizi H (2012) Microcellular foaming of PP/EPDM/organoclay nanocomposites: the effect of the distribution of nanoclay on foam morphology. Polym J 44:433–438

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

  24. 24.

    Jeddi J, Yousefzade O, Babaei A, Ghanbar S, Rostami A (2016) Morphology, microstructure and rheological properties of SAN/EPDM nanocomposites: investigating the role of organoclay type and order of mixing. Mater Chem Phys 187:191–202

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. 25.

    Stöckelhuber KW, Das A, Jurk R, Heinrich G (2010) Contribution of physico-chemical properties of interfaces on dispersibility, adhesion and flocculation of filler particles in rubber. Polymer 51:1954–1963

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. 26.

    Mfunt J (1988) Dynamic testing and reinforcement of rubber. Rubber Chem Technol 61:842–865

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. 27.

    Fu X, Huang G, Xie Z, Xing W (2015) New insights into reinforcement mechanism of nanoclay-filled isoprene rubber during uniaxial deformation by in situ synchrotron X-ray diffraction. RSC Adv 5:25171–25182

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

  28. 28.

    Klüppel M, Heinrich G (1994) Network structure and mechanical properties of sulfur-cured rubbers. Macromolecules 27:3596

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. 29.

    Toki S, Burger C, Hsiao BS, Amnuaypornsri S, Sakdapipanich J, Tanaka Y (2008) Multiscaled microstructures in natural rubber characterized by synchrotron Xray scattering and optical microscopy. J Polym Sci Part B 46:2456–2464

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

  30. 30.

    Diani J, Fayolle B, Gilormini P (2009) A review on the Mullins effect. Eur Polym J 45:601–612

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

  31. 31.

    Teh PL, Mohd Ishak ZA, Hashim AS, Karger-Kocsis J, Ishiaku US (2004) On the potential of organoclay with respect to conventional fillers (carbon black silica) for epoxidized natural rubber compatibilized natural rubber vulcanizates. J Appl Polym Sci 94:2438–2445

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

  32. 32.

    Wang S, Zhang Y, Peng Z, Zhang Y (2005) New method for preparing polybutadiene rubber/clay composites. J Appl Polym Sci 98:227–237

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

  33. 33.

    Dong B, Liu C, Zhang L, Wu Y (2015) Preparation fracture and fatigue of exfoliated graphene oxide/natural rubber composites. RSC Adv 5:17140–17148

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

  34. 34.

    Laskowska A, Zaborski M, Boiteux G, Gain O, Marzec A, Maniukiewicz W (2014) Ionic elastomers based on carboxylated nitrile rubber (XNBR) and magnesium aluminum layered double hydroxide (hydrotalcite). eXPRESS Polym Lett 8:374–386

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

  35. 35.

    Jovanović V, Samaržija-Jovanović S, Budinski-Simendić J, Marković G, Marinović-Cincović M (2013) Composites based on carbon black reinforced NBR/EPDM rubber blends. Compos B Eng 45:333–340

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. 36.

    Hisham A, Salwa H, Sabbagh E, Magda E, Assche TGV, Barhoum A (2018) Assessment of provoked compatibility of NBR/SBR polymer blend with montmorillonite amphiphiles from the thermal degradation kinetics. Polym Bull 75:1417–1430

    Article  Google Scholar 

  37. 37.

    Zhang C, Wang J, Zhao Y (2017) Effect of dendrimer modified montmorillonite on structure and properties of EPDM nanocomposites. Polymer Test 62:41–50

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

  38. 38.

    Varghese S, Karger-Kocsis J (2003) Melt-compounded natural rubber nanocomposites with pristine and organophilic layered silicates of natural and synthetic origin. J Appl Polym Sci 91:813–819

    Article  Google Scholar 

  39. 39.

    Wang Y, Zhang H, Wu Y, Yang J, Zhang L (2005) Structure and properties of strain-induced crystallization rubber-clay nanocomposites by co-coagulating the rubber latex and clay aqueous suspension. J Appl Polym Sci 96:318–323

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

  40. 40.

    Samadi A, Razzaghi Kashani M (2010) Effects of organoclay modifier on physical and mechanical properties of butyl based rubber nanocomposites. J Appl Polym Sci 116:2101–2109

    CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

Financial support by Khazra Sazan Rad Polymer Parsian, Consulting Polymer Engineers CO, is gratefully acknowledged.

Author information

Affiliations

  1. Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Rasht Branch, Islamic Azad University, Rasht, Iran

    Mohammad Javad Azizli & Masoud Mokhtary

  2. Research Institute of Petroleum Industry, P.O. Box: 14857-33111, Tehran, Iran

    Somayeh Parham

  3. Young Researchers and Elite Club, Marvdasht Branch, Islamic Azad University, Marvdasht, Iran

    Saeed Abbasizadeh

  4. School of Chemical Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, P.O. Box: 15875-4413, Tehran, Iran

    Sheida Rezaeinia

  5. Khazra Sazan Rad Polymer Parsian, Consulting Polymer Engineers CO., P.O. Box: 71976-87811, Fars Science and Technolohy Park, Shiraz, Iran

    Mohammad Javad Azizli & Mehdi Jokeri Darabi

Authors
  1. Mohammad Javad Azizli
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Somayeh Parham
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Saeed Abbasizadeh
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Masoud Mokhtary
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Sheida Rezaeinia
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Mehdi Jokeri Darabi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Masoud Mokhtary.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and Permissions

About this article

Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Azizli, M.J., Parham, S., Abbasizadeh, S. et al. Preparation and characterization of carboxylated acrylonitrile butadiene rubber/carboxylated styrene butadiene rubber (XNBR/XSBR) nanocomposites in the presence of dichlorocarbene-modified SBR (DCSBR) compatibilizer and montmorillonite. Polym. Bull. 78, 1637–1669 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00289-020-03177-5

Download citation

Keywords

  • XNBR/XSBR
  • Nanoclay
  • Compatibility
  • Nanocomposite
  • Reinforcement