Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Global Aquaculture Productivity, Environmental Sustainability, and Climate Change Adaptability

  • Published:
Environmental Management Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

To meet the demand for food from a growing global population, aquaculture production is under great pressure to increase as capture fisheries have stagnated. However, aquaculture has raised a range of environmental concerns, and further increases in aquaculture production will face widespread environmental challenges. The effects of climate change will pose a further threat to global aquaculture production. Aquaculture is often at risk from a combination of climatic variables, including cyclone, drought, flood, global warming, ocean acidification, rainfall variation, salinity, and sea level rise. For aquaculture growth to be sustainable its environmental impacts must reduce significantly. Adaptation to climate change is also needed to produce more fish without environmental impacts. Some adaptation strategies including integrated aquaculture, recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS), and the expansion of seafood farming could increase aquaculture productivity, environmental sustainability, and climate change adaptability.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2

Similar content being viewed by others

Notes

  1. Aquaculture is practiced in three different water environments: (1) freshwater, (2) brackish water, and (3) seawater. Regardless of water environments, aquaculture can be divided into: (1) single species monoculture, (2) multiple species polyculture, and (3) integrated aquaculture with agriculture. Based on culture intensity as well as farming inputs (seed, feed, and fertilizer), aquaculture can be classified into: (1) extensive, (2) semi-intensive, and (3) intensive.

  2. After being the most traded product in fish for decades, shrimp now ranks second in terms of value after salmon (including trout), whereas carp is the most dominant group of aquaculture fish in terms of volume (FAO 2018a).

  3. The World Food Day on October 16, 2018 by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations highlighted “a zero hunger world by 2030 is possible” (FAO 2018b).

  4. Water is still available for other uses due to not consuming water.

  5. Fish oil is extracted from fish while producing fishmeal. To prepare aquafeeds, the demand of fish oil is lower than fishmeal as only a few species require fish oil. The fish oil is a good source of nutrition, which provides of a smell to the feed (Robb et al. 2017).

  6. Carbon in coastal and marine ecosystems is known as blue carbon, which is stored, sequestered, and released from mangroves, salt marshes, and seagrasses.

  7. El Niño is a climate cycle in the Tropical Pacific Ocean with warm temperatures.

  8. “Life below water” is one of the sustainable development goals by the United Nations, aiming to conserve and sustainably use the seas, oceans, and marine resources.

  9. Rainfall erosivity is an erosive power of rainfall to cause soil erosion or loss by water.

  10. Offshore mariculture could be operated over 2 km from shore, usually within continental shelf zones.

References

  • Abolofia J, Asche F, Wilen JE (2017) The cost of lice: quantifying the impacts of parasitic sea lice on farmed salmon. Mar Resour Econ 32:329–349

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ahmed N, Diana JS (2015) Threatening “white gold”: impacts of climate change on shrimp farming in coastal Bangladesh. Ocean Coast Manag 114:42–52

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ahmed N, Diana JS (2016) Does climate change matter for freshwater aquaculture in Bangladesh? Reg Environ Change 16:1659–1669

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ahmed N, Troell M (2010) Fishing for prawn larvae in Bangladesh: an important coastal livelihood causing negative effects on the environment. Ambio 39:20–29

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ahmed N, Bunting SW, Rahman S et al. (2014) Community-based climate change adaptation strategies for integrated prawn-fish-rice farming in Bangladesh to promote social-ecological resilience. Rev Aquac 6:20–35

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ahmed N, Thompson S, Glaser M (2018) Integrated mangrove-shrimp cultivation: potential for blue carbon sequestration. Ambio 47:441–452

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Alongi DM (2014) Carbon cycling and storage in mangrove forests. Annu Rev Mar Sci 6:195–219

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Baird AH, Bhalla RS, Kerr AM et al. (2009) Do mangroves provide an effective barrier to storm surges? Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 106:E111

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Barange M, Perry RI (2009) Physical and ecological impacts of climate change relevant to marine and inland capture fisheries and aquaculture. In: Cochraneo K, De Young C, Soto D et al. (eds) Climate Change Implications for Fisheries and Aquaculture: Overview of Current Scientific Knowledge. FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Technical Paper No. 530. Rome, pp 7–106

  • Béné C, Arthur R, Norbury H et al. (2016) Contribution of fisheries and aquaculture to food security and poverty reduction: assessing the current evidence. World Dev 79:177–196

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Boonyawiwat V, Patanasatienkul T, Kasornchandra J et al. (2017) Impact of farm management on expression of early mortality syndrome/acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (EMS/AHPND) on penaeid shrimp farms in Thailand. J Fish Dis 40:649–659

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bosma RH, Nguyen TH, Siahainenia AJ et al. (2016) Shrimp-based livelihoods in mangrove silvo-aquaculture farming systems. Rev Aquac 8:43–60

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bostock J, McAndrew B, Richards R et al. (2010) Aquaculture: global status and trends. Philos Trans R Soc B 365:2897–2912

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bournazel J, Kumara MP, Jayatissa LP et al (2015) The impacts of shrimp farming on land-use and carbon storage around Puttalam lagoon, Sri Lanka. Ocean Coast Manag 113:18–28

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bouwman L, Beusen A, Glibert PM et al. (2013) Mariculture: significant and expanding cause of coastal nutrient enrichment. Environ Res Lett 8:044026

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brander KM (2007) Global fish production and climate change. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 104:19709–19714

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bregnballe J (2015) A guide to recirculation aquaculture: an introduction to the new environmentally friendly and highly productive closed fish farming systems. FAO and EUROFISH International Organization, Copenhagen

  • Bui TD, Maier SW, Austin CM (2014) Land cover and land use change related to shrimp farming in coastal areas of Quang Ninh, Vietnam using remotely sensed data. Environ Earth Sci 72:441–455

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Campbell BM, Thornton P, Zougmoré R et al. (2014) Sustainable intensification: what is its role in climate smart agriculture? Curr Opin Environ Sustain 8:39–43

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chopin T (2011) Progression of the integrated multi-trophic aquaculture (IMTA) concept and upscaling of IMTA systems towards commercialization. Aquac Eur 36(4):5–12

    Google Scholar 

  • Chopin T, Cooper JA, Reid G et al. (2012) Open-water integrated multi-trophic aquaculture: environmental biomitigation and economic diversification of feed aquaculture by extractive aquaculture. Rev Aquac 4:209–220

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chung IK, Oak JH, Lee JA et al. (2013) Installing kelp forests/seaweed beds for mitigation and adaptation against global warming: Korean project overview. ICES J Mar Sci 70:1038–1044

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Church JA, Clark PU, Cazenave A et al. (2013) Sea level change. In: Stocker TF, Qin D, Plattner G-K et al. (eds) Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, pp 1137–1216

  • Clements JC, Chopin T (2017) Ocean acidification and marine aquaculture in North America: potential impacts and mitigation strategies. Rev Aquac 9:326–341

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Conway G, Waage J (2010) Science and Innovation for Development. UK Collaborative on Development Sciences, London

    Google Scholar 

  • De Silva SS, Soto D (2009) Climate change and aquaculture: potential impacts, adaptation and mitigation. In: Cochrane K, De Young C, Soto D et al. (eds) Climate Change Implications for Fisheries and Aquaculture: Overview of Current Scientific Knowledge. FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Technical Paper No. 530, Rome, pp 151–212

  • De Silva SS, Nguyen TTT, Turchini GM et al. (2009) Alien species in aquaculture and biodiversity: a paradox in food production. Ambio 38:24–28

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dey MM, Paraguas FJ, Kambewa P et al. (2010) The impact of integrated aquaculture-agriculture on small-scale farms in Southern Malawi. Agric Econ 41:67–79

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Diana JS (2009) Aquaculture production and biodiversity conservation. BioScience 59:27–38

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Diana JS, Egna HS, Chopin T et al. (2013) Responsible aquaculture in 2050: valuing local conditions and human innovations will be key to success. BioScience 63:255–262

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Donato DC, Kauffman JB, Murdiyarso D et al. (2011) Mangroves among the most carbon-rich forests in the tropics. Nat Geosci 4:293–297

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Duarte CM, Holmer M, Olsen Y et al. (2009) Will the oceans help feed humanity? BioScience 59:967–976

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Duarte CM, Losada IJ, Hendriks IE et al. (2013) The role of coastal plant communities for climate change mitigation and adaptation. Nat Clim Change 3:961–968

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Duarte CM, Wu J, Xiao X et al. (2017) Can seaweed farming play a role in climate change mitigation and adaptation? Front Mar Sci 4:100

    Google Scholar 

  • Duncan C, Primavera JH, Pettorelli N et al. (2016) Rehabilitating mangrove ecosystem services: a case study on the relative benefits of abandoned pond reversion from Panay Island, Philippines. Mar Pollut Bull 109:772–782

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dupont S, Pӧrtner H (2013) Get ready for ocean acidification. Nature 498:429

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Durack PJ (2015) Ocean salinity and the global water cycle. Oceanography 28(1):20–31

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Edwards P (2015) Aquaculture environment interactions: past, present and likely future trends. Aquaculture 447:2–14

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • FAO (2007) The World’s Mangroves1980–2005. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome

    Google Scholar 

  • FAO (2018a) The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture: Meeting the Sustainable Development Goals. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome

  • FAO (2018b) Our Actions are Our Future: A #ZeroHunger World by 2030 is Possible. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome

    Google Scholar 

  • Feely RA, Doney SC, Cooley SR (2009) Ocean acidification: present conditions and future changes in a high-CO2 world. Oceanography 22:36–47

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ficke AD, Myrick CA, Hansen LJ (2007) Potential impacts of global climate change on freshwater fisheries. Rev Fish Biol Fish 17:581–613

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Furuya K, Glibert PM, Zhou M et al. (eds) (2010) Global Ecology and Oceanography of Harmful Algal Blooms in Asia: A Regional Comparative Program. IOC and SCOR, Paris and Newark, Delaware

  • Godfray HCJ, Beddington JR, Crute IR et al. (2010) Food security: the challenge of feeding 9 billion people. Science 327:812–818

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ha TTT, Bush SR, Mol APJ et al. (2012) Organic coast? Regulatory challenges of certifying integrated shrimp-mangrove production systems in Vietnam. J Rural Stud 28:631–639

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hall SJ, Delaporte A, Phillips MJ et al. (2011) Blue Frontiers: Managing the Environmental Costs of Aquaculture. The WorldFish Center, Penang

  • Halwart M, Gupta MV (2004) Culture of Fish in Rice Fields. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and the WorldFish Center, Penang

  • Halwart M, van Dam AA (eds) (2006) Integrated Irrigation and Aquaculture in West Africa: Concepts, Practices and Potential. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome

  • Hanjra MA, Qureshi ME (2010) Global water crisis and future food security in an era of climate change. Food Policy 35:365–377

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hindar K, Fleming IA, McGinnity P et al. (2006) Genetic and ecological effects of salmon farming on wild salmon: modelling from experimental results. ICES J Mar Sci 63:1234–1247

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hunter MC, Smith RG, Schipanski ME et al. (2017) Agriculture in 2050: recalibrating targets for sustainable intensification. BioScience 67:386–391

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • INMED (2011) Aquaponics: Combating Food Insecurity, Protecting the Environment and Generating Income through Adaptive Agriculture. INMED Pamphlet, Jamaica

  • IPCC (2014) Climate Change 2014: Synthesis Report – Summary for Policymakers. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Valencia

    Google Scholar 

  • Irving AD, Connell SD, Russell BD (2011) Restoring coastal plants to improve global carbon storage: reaping what we sow. PLoS ONE 6(3):e18311

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jackson A (2009) Fish in – fish out ratios explained. Aquac Eur 34(3):5–10

    Google Scholar 

  • Kapetsky JM, Aguilar-Manjarrez J, Jenness J (2013) A Global Assessment of Offshore Mariculture Potential from a Spatial Perspective. FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Technical Paper No. 549, Rome

  • Kauffman JB, Arifanti VB, Trejo HH et al. (2017) The jumbo carbon footprint of a shrimp: carbon losses from mangrove deforestation. Front Ecol Environ 15:183–188

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kauffman JB, Heider C, Norfolk J et al. (2014) Carbon stocks of intact mangroves and carbon emissions arising from their conversion in the Dominican Republic. Ecol Appl 24:518–527

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Klamt A-M, Schernewski G (2013) Climate change – a new opportunity for mussel farming in the southern Baltic? In: Schmidt-Thomé P, Klein J (eds), Climate Change Adaptation in Practice: From Strategy Development to Implementation. John Wiley & Sons Ltd, New Jersey, pp 171–184

  • Knutson TR, McBride JL, Chan J et al. (2010) Tropical cyclones and climate change. Nat Geosci 3:157–163

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kopp RE, DeConto RM, Bader DA et al. (2017) Evolving understanding of Antarctic ice-sheet physics and ambiguity in probabilistic sea-level projections. Earth’s Future 5:1217–1233

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kroeker KJ, Kordas RL, Crim R et al. (2013) Impacts of ocean acidification on marine organisms: quantifying sensitivities and interaction with warming. Glob Change Biol 19:1884–1896

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kültz D (2015) Physiological mechanisms used by fish to cope with salinity stress. J Exp Biol 218:1907–1914

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kwiatkowski L, Bopp L, Aumount O et al. (2017) Emergent constraints on projections of declining primary production in the tropical oceans. Nat Clim Change 7:355–358

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lebel L, Tri NH, Saengnoree A et al. (2002) Industrial transformation and shrimp aquaculture in Thailand and Vietnam: pathways to ecological, social, and economic sustainability? Ambio 31:311–323

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Liu B, Yu Z, Song X et al. (2006) The effect of acute salinity change on white spot syndrome (WSS) outbreaks in Fenneropenaeus chinensis. Aquaculture 253:163–170

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Love DC, Fry JP, Genello L et al. (2014) An international survey of aquaponics practitioners. PLoS ONE 9(7):e102662

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Love DC, Fry JP, Li X et al. (2015) Commercial aquaponics production and profitability: findings from an international survey. Aquaculture 435:67–74

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Martinez-Porchas M, Martinez-Cordova LR (2012) World aquaculture: environmental impacts and troubleshooting alternatives. Sci World J 2012:389623

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mcleod E, Chmura GL, Bouillon S et al. (2011) A blueprint for blue carbon: toward an improved understanding of the role of vegetated coastal habitats in sequestering CO2. Front Ecol Environ 9:552–560

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Miao W, Yuan X (2007) The carp farming industry in China – an overview. In: Leung PS, Lee C-S, O’Bryen PJ (eds), Species and System Selection for Sustainable Aquaculture. Blackwell Publishing, Oxford, pp 373–388

  • Miller DD, Ota Y, Sumaila UR et al. (2018) Adaptation strategies to climate change in marine systems. Glob Change Biol 24:e1–e14

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mohanty RK, Verma HN, Brahmanand PS (2004) Performance evaluation of rice-fish integration system in rainfed medium land ecosystem. Aquaculture 230:125–135

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mungkung R, Phillips M, Castine S et al. (2014) Exploratory Analysis of Resource Demand and the Environmental Footprint of Future Aquaculture Development Using Life Cycle Assessment. WorldFish, Penang

    Google Scholar 

  • Muñoz NJ, Farrell AP, Heath JW et al. (2015) Adaptive potential of a Pacific salmon challenged by climate change. Nat Clim Change 5:163–166

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • NACA (2012) Vulnerability and Adaptation to Climate Change for Improved Polyculture Farming Systems in the Mekong Delta, Viet Nam – Case Study Report. Network of Aquaculture Centres in Asia-Pacific, Bangkok

    Google Scholar 

  • Naylor RL, Goldburg RJ, Primavera JH et al. (2000) Effect of aquaculture on world fish supplies. Nature 405:1017–1024

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Naylor R, Hindar K, Fleming IA et al. (2005) Fugitive salmon: assessing the risks of escaped fish from net-pen aquaculture. BioScience 55:427–437

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Naylor RL, Williams SL, Strong DR (2001) Aquaculture – a gateway for exotic species. Science 294:1655–1656

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nearing MA, Pruski FF, O’Neal MR (2004) Expected climate change impacts on soil erosion rates: a review. J Soil Water Conserv 59:43–50

    Google Scholar 

  • Nguyen AL, Dang VH, Bosma RH et al. (2014) Simulated impacts of climate change on current farming locations of striped catfish (Pangasianodon hypophthalmus; Sauvage) in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam. Ambio 43:1059–1068

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nhan DK, Phong LT, Verdegem MJC et al. (2007) Integrated freshwater aquaculture, crop and livestock production in the Mekong delta, Vietnam: determinants and the role of the pond. Agric Syst 94:445–458

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nicholls RJ, Wong PP, Burkett VR et al. (2007) Coastal systems and low-lying areas. In: Parry ML, Canziani OF, Palutikof JP et al. (eds) Climate Change 2007: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, pp 315–356

  • Ottolenghi F, Silvestri C, Giordano P et al. (2004) Capture-based Aquaculture: the Fattening of Eels, Groupers, Tunas and Yellowtails. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome

    Google Scholar 

  • Pahlow M, van Oel PR, Mekonnen MM et al. (2015) Increasing pressure on freshwater resources due to terrestrial feed ingredients for aquaculture production. Sci Total Environ 536:847–857

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Panagos P, Ballabio C, Meusburger K et al. (2017) Towards estimates of future rainfall erosivity in Europe based on REDES and WorldClim datasets. J Hydrol 548:251–262

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pant J, Demaine H, Edwards P (2004) Assessment of the aquaculture subsystem in integrated agriculture-aquaculture systems in Northeast Thailand. Aquac Res 35:289–298

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Park C-E, Jeong S-J, Joshi M et al. (2018) Keeping global warming within 1.5 °C constraints emergence of aridification. Nat Clim Change 8:70–74

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pendleton L, Donato DC, Murray BC et al. (2012) Estimating global “blue carbon” emissions from conversion and degradation of vegetated coastal ecosystems. PLoS ONE 7(9):e43542

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Peperzak L (2003) Climate change and harmful algal blooms in the North Sea. Acta Oecologica 24:S139–S144

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Primavera JH (2006) Overcoming the impacts of aquaculture on the coastal zone. Ocean Coast Manag 49:531–545

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Primavera JH, Garcia LMB, Castaños MT et al. (eds) (2000) Mangrove-Friendly Aquaculture: Proceedings of the Workshop on Mangrove-Friendly Aquaculture. Organized by the SEAFDEC, Iloilo City, Philippines

  • Robb DHF, MacLeod M, Hasan MR et al. (2017) Greenhouse gas emissions from aquaculture: a life cycle assessment of three asian systems. FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Technical Paper No. 609, Rome

  • Schmidhuber J, Tubiello FN (2007) Global food security under climate change. Proc Natl. Acad. Sci USA 104:19703–19708

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shelton C (2014) Climate Change Adaptation in Fisheries and Aquaculture – Compilation of Initial Examples. FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Circulation No. 1088, Rome

    Google Scholar 

  • Siikamäki J, Sanchirico JN, Jardine S et al. (2012) Blue Carbon: Global Options for Reducing Emissions from the Degradation and Development of Coastal Ecosystems. Resources for the Future, Washington DC

    Google Scholar 

  • Simpson S (2011) The blue food revolution: making aquaculture a sustainable food source. Scientific American February:54–61

  • Soto D, Jara F, Moreno C (2001) Escaped salmon in the inner seas, southern Chile: facing ecological and social conflicts. Ecol Appl 11:1750–1762

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sreejariya P, Gallardo W, Dabbadie L (2011) The Role of Integrated Multi-Trophic Aquaculture (IMTA) in Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation. Asian Institute of Technology, Bangkok

    Google Scholar 

  • Sweet WV, Horton R, Kopp RE et al. (2017) Sea level rise. In: Wuebbles DJ, Fahey DW, Hibbard KA et al. (eds) Climate Science Special Report: Fourth National Climate Assessment. U.S. Global Change Research Program, Washington DC, pp 333–363

  • Tacon AGJ, Metian M (2008) Global overview on the use of fish meal and fish oil in industrially compounded aquafeeds: trends and future prospects. Aquaculture 285:146–158

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tacon AGJ, Hasan MR, Metian M (2011) Demand and Supply of Feed Ingredients for Farmed Fish and Crustaceans: Trends and Prospects. FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Technical Paper No. 564, Rome

    Google Scholar 

  • Torrissen O, Jones S, Asche F et al. (2013) Salmon lice – impact on wild salmonids and salmon aquaculture. J Fish Dis 36:171–194

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Troell M, Joyce A, Chopin T et al. (2009) Ecological engineering in aquaculture – potential for integrated multi-trophic aquaculture (IMTA) in marine offshore systems. Aquaculture 297:1–9

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Turral H, Burke J, Faurés J-M (2011) Climate Change, Water and Food Security. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome

    Google Scholar 

  • UNEP (2014) The Importance of Mangroves to People: A Call to Action. UNEP World Conservation Monitoring Centre, Cambridge

    Google Scholar 

  • United Nations (2017) World Population Prospects: The 2017 Revision, Key Findings and Advance Tables. Population Division, United Nations, New York, NY

  • Valiela I, Bowen JL, York JK (2001) Mangrove forests: one of the world’s threatened major tropical environments. BioScience 51:807–815

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Verdegem MCJ, Bosma RH (2009) Water withdrawal for brackish and inland aquaculture, and options to produce more fish in ponds with present water use. Water Policy 11:52–68

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vitousek S, Barnard PL, Fletcher CH et al. (2017) Doubling of coastal flooding frequency within decades due to sea-level rise. Sci Rep 7:1399

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Waite R, Beveridge M, Brummett R et al. (2014) Improving Productivity and Environmental Performance of Aquaculture. World Resources Institute, Washington DC

    Google Scholar 

  • Wheeler T, von Braun J (2013) Climate change impacts on global food security. Science 341:508–513

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Williamson P, Turley C (2012) Ocean acidification in a geoengineering context. Philos Transect R Soc A 370:4317–4342

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wisser D, Frolking S, Douglas EM et al. (2010) The significance of local water resources captured in small reservoirs for crop production – a global-scale analysis. J Hydrol 384:264–275

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Woodward G, Perkins DM, Brown LE (2010) Climate change and freshwater ecosystems: impacts across multiple levels of organization. Philos Trans R Soc B 365:2093–2106

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • World Bank (2013) Fish to 2030: Prospects for Fisheries and Aquaculture. The World Bank, Washington DC

    Google Scholar 

  • WWDR4 (2012) Managing Water under Uncertainty and Risk. The United Nations World Water Development Report 4. United Nations World Water Assessment Program, New York, NY

    Google Scholar 

  • Xiao X, Agusti S, Lin F et al. (2017) Nutrient removal from Chinese coastal waters by large-scale seaweed aquaculture. Sci Rep 7:46613

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

The study was supported through the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation, Germany. The study was a part of the first author’s research work under the Georg Forster Research Fellowship by the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation at the Leibniz Center for Tropical Marine Research (ZMT) in Bremen, Germany. The study was also linked to the first author’s research at the Natural Resources Institute (NRI), University of Manitoba, Canada. An earlier draft of this paper was presented in March 2017 by the first author at the ZMT, Germany. We thank the audience for their positive encouragement. The views and opinions expressed herein are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of ZMT or NRI. We thank two anonymous reviewers for insightful comments.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Natural Resources Institute, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3T 2M6, Canada

    Nesar Ahmed & Shirley Thompson

  2. Leibniz Center for Tropical Marine Research, Bremen, 28359, Germany

    Marion Glaser

Authors
  1. Nesar Ahmed
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Shirley Thompson
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Marion Glaser
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Nesar Ahmed.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of Interest

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Ahmed, N., Thompson, S. & Glaser, M. Global Aquaculture Productivity, Environmental Sustainability, and Climate Change Adaptability. Environmental Management 63, 159–172 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-018-1117-3

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-018-1117-3

Keywords

Search

Navigation