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Effects of Multi-Component Mixtures from Sewage Treatment Plant Effluent on Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio) under Fully Realistic Condition

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Abstract

This study characterized changes in biomarker responses in common carp (Cyprinus carpio) upon exposure to effluent water discharged from a sewage treatment plant (STP) under real conditions. Fish were exposed to contamination in Cezarka pond, which receives all of its water input from the STP in the town of Vodnany, Czech Republic. Five sampling events were performed at day 0, 30, 90, 180, and 360 starting in April 2015. In total, 62 pharmaceutical and personal care products (PPCPs) were detected in the polar organic chemical integrative sampler. Compared to a control pond, the total concentration of PPCPs was 45, 16, 7, and 7 times higher in Cezarka pond at day 30, 90, 180, and 360, respectively. The result of oxidative stress and antioxidant enzyme biomarkers indicated alterations in the liver and intestine tissues of fish from Cezarka pond at day 30 and 360, respectively. High plasma vitellogenin levels were observed in both exposed females (180 and 360 days) and males (360 days) compared with their respective controls. However, only exposed female fish had higher vitellogenin mRNA expression than the control fish in these periods. Exposed female fish showed irregular structure of the ovary with scattered oocytes, which further developed to a vitellogenic stage at day 360. Low white blood cell levels were indicated in all exposed fish. Despite numerous alterations in exposed fish, favorable ecological conditions including high availability of food resulted in a better overall condition of the exposed fish after 1 year of exposure compared to the controls.

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Abbreviations

ALT:

Alanine aminotransferase

ALB:

Albumins

ALP:

Alkaline phosphatase

NH3 :

Ammonia

AST:

Aspartate aminotransferase

Ca2+ :

Calcium

CAT:

Catalase

CK:

Creatine kinase

RBC:

Red blood cell

FFPW:

Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Water

GLU:

Glucose

GR:

Glutathione reductase

GST:

Glutathione S-tranferase

GPx:

Glutathione peroxidase

PCV:

Hematocrit value

Hb:

Hemoglobin concentration

PHOS:

Inorganic phosphate

LACT:

Lactate

LDH:

Lactate dehydrogenase

WBC:

White blood cell 

Mg:

Magnesium

MCH:

Mean corpuscular hemoglobin

MCHC:

Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration

MCV:

Mean erythrocyte volume

NSAIDs:

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs

POCIS:

Polar organic chemical integrative sampler

STPs:

Sewage treatment plants

PPCPs:

Pharmaceutical and personal care products

SOD:

Superoxide dismutase

TBARS:

Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances

TP:

Total proteins

TRIG:

Triglycerides

VTG:

Vitellogenin

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Acknowledgements

The study was financially supported by the Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports of the Czech Republic—projects “CENAKVA” (No. CZ.1.05/2.1.00/01.0024), “CENAKVA Center Development” (No. CZ.1.05/2.1.00/19.0380), “CENAKVA II” (No. LO1205 under the NPU I program), by the Grant Agency of the University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice (No. 012/2016/Z) and by the Czech Science Foundation (No. GACR 15-04258S). The authors would also like to thank the Vodnany town and CEVAK a.s. for supporting this work.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Centre of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Zatisi 728/II, 389 25, Vodňany, Czech Republic

    Pham Thai Giang, Viktoriia Burkina, Sidika Sakalli, Tomas Randak, Roman Grabic, Katerina Grabicova, Ganna Fedorova, Olga Koba, Oksana Golovko, Jan Turek, Daniel Cerveny, Jitka Kolarova & Vladimir Zlabek

  2. Vetsuisse Faculty, Centre for Fish and Wildlife Health, Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, University of Bern, Laenggassstrasse 122, 3001, Bern, Switzerland

    Heike Schmidt-Posthaus

  3. Department of Food Science, Aarhus University, P.O. Box 50, DK-8830, Tjele, Denmark

    Martin Krøyer Rasmussen

Authors
  1. Pham Thai Giang
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  2. Viktoriia Burkina
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  3. Sidika Sakalli
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  4. Heike Schmidt-Posthaus
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  5. Martin Krøyer Rasmussen
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  6. Tomas Randak
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  7. Roman Grabic
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  8. Katerina Grabicova
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  9. Ganna Fedorova
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  10. Olga Koba
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  11. Oksana Golovko
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  12. Jan Turek
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  13. Daniel Cerveny
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  14. Jitka Kolarova
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  15. Vladimir Zlabek
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Pham Thai Giang.

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The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

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The original version of this article was revised: The authors’ given and family name was corrected.

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Giang, P.T., Burkina, V., Sakalli, S. et al. Effects of Multi-Component Mixtures from Sewage Treatment Plant Effluent on Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio) under Fully Realistic Condition. Environmental Management 63, 466–484 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-017-0964-7

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-017-0964-7

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