Abstract
Some members of the Bacillus velezensis (Bv) group (e.g., Bv FZB42T and AS3.43) were previously assigned grouping with B. subtilis and B. amyloliquefaciens, based on the fact that they shared a 99% DNA–DNA percentage phylogenetic similarity. However, hinging on current assessments of the pan-genomic reassignments, the differing phylogenomic characteristics of Bv from B. subtilis and B. amyloliquefaciens are now better understood. Within this re-grouping/reassignment, the various strains within the Bv share a close phylogenomic resemblance, and a number of these strains have received a lot of attention in recent years, due to their genomic robustness, and the growing evidence for their possible utilization in the agricultural industry for managing plant diseases. Only a few applications for their use medicinally/pharmaceutically, environmentally, and in the food industry have been reported, and this may be due to the fact that the majority of those strains investigated are those typically occurring in soil. Although the intracellular unique biomolecules of Bv strains have been revealed via in silico genome modeling and investigated using transcriptomics and proteomics, a further inquisition into the Bv metabolome using newer technologies such as metabolomics could elucidate additional applications of this economically relevant Bacillus species, beyond that of primarily the agricultural sector.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Adeniji AA, Babalola OO (2018) Tackling maize fusariosis: in search of Fusarium graminearum biosuppressors. Arch Microbiol 200:1239–1255. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00203-018-1542-y
Adeniji AA, Aremu OS, Babalola OO (2018) Selecting lipopeptide-producing, Fusarium-suppressing Bacillus spp.: metabolomic and genomic probing of Bacillus velezensis NWUMFkBS10. Microbiologyopen 25:e742
Arkin AP, Stevens RL, Cottingham RW, Maslov S, Henry CS, Dehal P, Ware D, Perez F, Harris NL, Canon S (2016) The DOE systems biology knowledgebase (KBase) bioRxiv 096354
Bafana A, Chakrabarti T, Devi SS (2008) Azoreductase and dye detoxification activities of Bacillus velezensis strain AB. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 77:1139–1144. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-007-1212-5
Baptista JP, Sanches PP, Teixeira GM, Morey AT, Tavares ER, Yamada-Ogatta SF, da Rocha SPD, Hungria M, Ribeiro RA, Balbi-Peña MI (2018) Complete genome sequence of Bacillus velezensis LABIM40, an effective antagonist of fungal plant pathogens. Genome Announc 6:e00595–e00518
Bardou P, Mariette J, Escudié F, Djemiel C, Klopp C (2014) jvenn: an interactive Venn diagram viewer. BMC Bioinformatics 15:293
Cai X, Kang X, Xi H, Liu C, Xue Y (2016) Complete genome sequence of the endophytic biocontrol strain Bacillus velezensis CC09. Genome Announc 4:e01048–e01016
Cai X-C, Liu C-H, Wang B-T, Xue Y-R (2017) Genomic and metabolic traits endow Bacillus velezensis CC09 with a potential biocontrol agent in control of wheat powdery mildew disease. Microbiol Res 196:89–94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micres.2016.12.007
Calvo P, Watts DB, Ames RN, Kloepper JW, Torbert HA (2013) Microbial-based inoculants impact nitrous oxide emissions from an incubated soil medium containing urea fertilizers. J Environ Qual 42:704–712. https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq2012.0300
Calvo P, Watts DB, Kloepper JW, Torbert HA (2016) The influence of microbial-based inoculants on N2O emissions from soil planted with corn (Zea mays L.) under greenhouse conditions with different nitrogen fertilizer regimens. Can J Microbiol 62:1041–1056
Cao Y, Hualiang P, Chandrangsu P, Yongtao L, Wang Y, Zhou H, Xiong H, Helmann JD, Cai Y (2018) Antagonism of two plant-growth promoting Bacillus velezensis isolates against Ralstonia solanacearum and Fusarium oxysporum. Sci Rep 8:4360. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-22782-z
Carlos Guimaraes L, Benevides de Jesus L, Vinicius Canario Viana M, Silva A, Thiago Juca Ramos R, de Castro Soares S, Azevedo V (2015) Inside the pan-genome—methods and software overview. Curr Genomics 16:245–252
Chen L (2017) Complete genome sequence of Bacillus velezensis LM2303, a biocontrol strain isolated from the dung of wild yak inhabited Qinghai-Tibet plateau. J Biotechnol 251:124–127. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiotec.2017.04.034
Chen Y, Gao Q, Huang M, Liu Y, Liu Z, Liu X, Ma Z (2015) Characterization of RNA silencing components in the plant pathogenic fungus Fusarium graminearum. Sci Rep 5:12500
Chen L, Gu W, Xu H-Y, Yang G-L, Shan X-F, Chen G, Kang Y-H, Wang C-F, Qian A-D (2018a) Comparative genome analysis of Bacillus velezensis reveals a potential for degrading lignocellulosic biomass. 3 Biotech 8:253. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13205-018-1270-7
Chen L, Gu W, Xu H-Y, Yang G-L, Shan X-F, Chen G, Wang C-F, Qian A-D (2018b) Complete genome sequence of Bacillus velezensis 157 isolated from Eucommia ulmoides with pathogenic bacteria inhibiting and lignocellulolytic enzymes production by SSF. 3 Biotech 8:114. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13205-018-1125-2
Chen L, Heng J, Qin S, Bian K (2018c) A comprehensive understanding of the biocontrol potential of Bacillus velezensis LM2303 against Fusarium head blight. PLoS One 13:e0198560
Cho MS, Jin YJ, Kang BK, Park YK, Kim C, Park DS (2018) Understanding the ontogeny and succession of Bacillus velezensis and B. subtilis subsp. subtilis by focusing on kimchi fermentation. Sci Rep 8:7045. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-25514-5
Covert MW, Schilling CH, Famili I, Edwards JS, Goryanin II, Selkov E, Palsson BO (2001) Metabolic modeling of microbial strains in silico. Trends Biochem Sci 26:179–186. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0968-0004(00)01754-0
Disi JO, Kloepper JW, Fadamiro HY (2018a) Seed treatment of maize with Bacillus pumilus strain INR- 7 affects host location and feeding by Western corn rootworm, Diabrotica virgifera virgifera. J Pest Sci 91:515–522. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10340-017-0927-z
Disi JO, Zebelo S, Kloepper JW, Fadamiro H (2018b) Seed inoculation with beneficial rhizobacteria affects European corn borer (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) oviposition on maize plants. Entomol Sci 21:48–58. https://doi.org/10.1111/ens.12280
Dunlap CA, Bowman MJ, Schisler DA (2013) Genomic analysis and secondary metabolite production in Bacillus amyloliquefaciens AS 43.3: a biocontrol antagonist of Fusarium head blight. Biol Control 64:166–175
Dunlap CA, Kim S-J, Kwon S-W, Rooney AP (2016) Bacillus velezensis is not a later heterotypic synonym of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens; Bacillus methylotrophicus, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens subsp. plantarum and ‘Bacillus oryzicola’ are later heterotypic synonyms of Bacillus velezensis based on phylogenomics. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 66:1212–1217. https://doi.org/10.1099/ijsem.0.000858
Fan B, Blom J, Klenk HP, Borriss R (2017) Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, Bacillus velezensis, and Bacillus siamensis form an “operational group B. amyloliquefaciens” within the B. subtilis species complex. Front Microbiol 8:22. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2017.00022
Gao P, Xu G (2015) Mass-spectrometry-based microbial metabolomics: recent developments and applications. Anal Bioanal Chem 407:669–680
Gao X-Y, Liu Y, Miao L-L, Li E-W, Sun G-X, Liu Y, Liu Z-P (2017a) Characterization and mechanism of anti-Aeromonas salmonicida activity of a marine probiotic strain, Bacillus velezensis V4. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 101:3759–3768. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-017-8095-x
Gao Z, Zhang B, Liu H, Han J, Zhang Y (2017b) Identification of endophytic Bacillus velezensis ZSY-1 strain and antifungal activity of its volatile compounds against Alternaria solani and Botrytis cinerea. Biol Control 105:27–39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocontrol.2016.11.007
Gerst MM, Dudley EG, Xiaoli L, Yousef AE (2017) Draft genome sequence of Bacillus velezensis GF610, a producer of potent Anti-Listeria agents. Genome Announc 5:e01046-01017
Gilardi G, Demarchi S, Gullino ML, Garibaldi A (2015) Nursery treatments with non-conventional products against crown and root rot, caused by Phytophthora capsici, on zucchini. Phytoparasitica 43:501–508. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12600-015-0461-6
Huang L, Li Q-C, Hou Y, Li G-Q, Yang J-Y, Li D-W, Ye J-R (2017a) Bacillus velezensis strain HYEB5-6 as a potential biocontrol agent against anthracnose on Euonymus japonicus. Biocontrol Sci Technol 27:636–653. https://doi.org/10.1080/09583157.2017.1319910
Huang MH, Zhang SQ, Di GL, Xu LK, Zhao TX, Pan HY, Li YG (2017b) Determination of a Bacillus velezensis strain for controlling soybean root rot. Biocontrol Sci Technol 27:696–701. https://doi.org/10.1080/09583157.2017.1328483
Hwangbo K, Um Y, Kim KY, Madhaiyan M, Sa TM, Lee Y (2016) Complete genome sequence of Bacillus velezensis CBMB205, a phosphate-solubilizing bacterium Isolated from the rhizoplane of rice in the Republic of Korea. Genome Announc 4. https://doi.org/10.1128/genomeA.00654-16
Jiang C-H, Liao M-J, Wang H-K, Zheng M-Z, Xu J-J, Guo J-H (2018) Bacillus velezensis, a potential and efficient biocontrol agent in control of pepper gray mold caused by Botrytis cinerea. Biol Control 126:147–157. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocontrol.2018.07.017
Jin Q, Jiang Q, Zhao L, Su C, Li S, Si F, Li S, Zhou C, Mu Y, Xiao M (2017) Complete genome sequence of Bacillus velezensis S3-1, a potential biological pesticide with plant pathogen inhibiting and plant promoting capabilities. J Biotechnol 259:199–203. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiotec.2017.07.011
Kang X, Zhang W, Cai X, Zhu T, Xue Y, Liu C (2018) Bacillus velezensis CC09: a potential ‘vaccine’ for controlling wheat diseases. Mol Plant-Microbe Interact 31:623–632. https://doi.org/10.1094/MPMI-09-17-0227-R
Kim SY, Lee SY, Weon H-Y, Sang MK, Song J (2017a) Complete genome sequence of Bacillus velezensis M75, a biocontrol agent against fungal plant pathogens, isolated from cotton waste. J Biotechnol 241:112–115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiotec.2016.11.023
Kim SY, Song H, Sang MK, Weon H-Y, Song J (2017b) The complete genome sequence of Bacillus velezensis strain GH1-13 reveals agriculturally beneficial properties and a unique plasmid. J Biotechnol 259:221–227. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiotec.2017.06.1206
Koen N, van Breda SV, Loots DT (2018a) Elucidating the antimicrobial mechanisms of colistin sulfate on Mycobacterium tuberculosis using metabolomics Tuberculosis 111:14-19
Koen N, van Breda SV, Loots DT (2018b) Metabolomics of colistin methanesulfonate treated Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Tuberculosis 111:154–160
Kreutzer MF, Nett M (2012) Genomics-driven discovery of taiwachelin, a lipopeptide siderophore from Cupriavidus taiwanensis. Org Biomol Chem 10:9338–9343. https://doi.org/10.1039/C2OB26296G
Kreutzer MF, Kage H, Nett M (2012) Structure and biosynthetic assembly of cupriachelin, a photoreactive siderophore from the bioplastic producer Cupriavidus necator H16. J Am Chem Soc 134:5415–5422. https://doi.org/10.1021/ja300620z
Lan TTT (2016) Study on the growth of Bacillus velezensis M2 and applying it for treatment of the cattle slaughterhouse wastewater. Vietnam J Sci Technol 54:213
Leclère V, Béchet M, Adam A, Guez J-S, Wathelet B, Ongena M, Thonart P, Gancel F, Chollet-Imbert M, Jacques P (2005) Mycosubtilin overproduction by Bacillus subtilis BBG100 enhances the organism’s antagonistic and biocontrol activities. Appl Environ Microbiol 71:4577–4584
Lee KY, Park JM, Kim TY, Yun H, Lee SY (2010) The genome-scale metabolic network analysis of Zymomonas mobilis ZM4 explains physiological features and suggests ethanol and succinic acid production strategies. Microb Cell Factories 9:94–94. https://doi.org/10.1186/1475-2859-9-94
Lee HH, Park J, Lim JY, Kim H, Choi GJ, Kim J-C, Seo Y-S (2015) Complete genome sequence of Bacillus velezensis G341, a strain with a broad inhibitory spectrum against plant pathogens. J Biotechnol 211:97–98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiotec.2015.07.005
Lee HJ, Chun B-H, Jeon HH, Kim YB, Lee SH (2017) Complete genome sequence of Bacillus velezensis YJ11-1-4, a strain with broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity, isolated from traditional Korean fermented soybean paste. Genome Announc 5:e01352–e01317
Li Z, Chen M, Ran K, Wang J, Zeng Q, Song F (2018) Draft genome sequence of Bacillus velezensis Lzh-a42, a plant growth-promoting rhizobacterium isolated from tomato rhizosphere. Genome Announc 6:e00161–e00118
Lim SM, Yoon M-Y, Choi GJ, Choi YH, Jang KS, Shin TS, Park HW, Yu NH, Kim YH, Kim J-C (2017) Diffusible and volatile antifungal compounds produced by an antagonistic Bacillus velezensis G341 against various phytopathogenic fungi. Plant Pathol J 33:488–498. https://doi.org/10.5423/PPJ.OA.04.2017.0073
Liu S, Lin L, Jiang P, Wang D, Xing Y (2010a) A comparison of RNA-Seq and high-density exon array for detecting differential gene expression between closely related species. Nucleic Acids Res 39:39–588. https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkq817
Liu X, Ren B, Chen M, Wang H, Kokare CR, Zhou X, Wang J, Dai H, Song F, Liu M, Wang J, Wang S, Zhang L (2010b) Production and characterization of a group of bioemulsifiers from the marine Bacillus velezensis strain H3. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 87:1881–1893. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-010-2653-9
Liu G, Kong Y, Fan Y, Geng C, Peng D, Sun M (2017) Whole-genome sequencing of Bacillus velezensis LS69, a strain with a broad inhibitory spectrum against pathogenic bacteria. J Biotechnol 249:20–24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiotec.2017.03.018
Machado H, Tuttle RN, Jensen PR (2017) Omics-based natural product discovery and the lexicon of genome mining. Curr Opin Microbiol 39:136–142. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mib.2017.10.025
Mahgoub AM, Mahmoud MG, Selim MS, Awady E, Mohamed E (2018) Exopolysaccharide from marine Bacillus velezensis MHM3 induces apoptosis of human breast cancer MCF-7 cells through a mitochondrial pathway. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 19:1957–1963
Martínez-Raudales I, De La Cruz-Rodríguez Y, Alvarado-Gutiérrez A, Vega-Arreguín J, Fraire-Mayorga A, Alvarado-Rodríguez M, Balderas-Hernández V, Fraire-Velázquez S (2017) Draft genome sequence of Bacillus velezensis 2A-2B strain: a rhizospheric inhabitant of Sporobolus airoides (Torr.) Torr., with antifungal activity against root rot causing phytopathogens. Stand Genomic Sci 12:73. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40793-017-0289-4
Meena KR, Tandon T, Sharma A, Kanwar SS (2018) Lipopeptide antibiotic production by Bacillus velezensis KLP2016. J Appl Pharm Sci 8:091–098
Meng Q, Hao JJ (2017) Optimizing the application of Bacillus velezensis BAC03 in controlling the disease caused by Streptomyces scabies. BioControl 62:535–544. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10526-017-9799-7
Meng Q, Jiang H, Hao JJ (2016) Effects of Bacillus velezensis strain BAC03 in promoting plant growth. Biol Control 98:18–26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocontrol.2016.03.010
Mienda BS (2017) Genome-scale metabolic models as platforms for strain design and biological discovery. J Biomol Struct Dyn 35:1863–1873. https://doi.org/10.1080/07391102.2016.1197153
Moghannem SAM, Farag MMS, Shehab AM, Azab MS (2018) Exopolysaccharide production from Bacillus velezensis KY471306 using statistical experimental design. Braz J Microbiol 49:452–462. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bjm.2017.05.012
Nair AS, Al-Battashi H, Al-Akzawi A, Annamalai N, Gujarathi A, Al-Bahry S, Dhillon GS, Sivakumar N (2018) Waste office paper: a potential feedstock for cellulase production by a novel strain Bacillus velezensis ASN1. Waste Manage 79:491–500. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2018.08.014
Nam MH, Park MS, Kim HG, Yoo SJ (2009) Biological control of strawberry Fusarium wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. fragariae using Bacillus velezensis BS87 and RK1 formulation. J Microbiol Biotechnol [En línea] 19:520–524
Nannan C, Gillis A, Caulier S, Mahillon J (2018) Complete genome sequence of Bacillus velezensis CN026 exhibiting antagonistic activity against gram-negative foodborne pathogens. Genome Announc 6:e01543-01517
Oh Y-K, Palsson BO, Park SM, Schilling CH, Mahadevan R (2007) Genome-scale reconstruction of metabolic network in Bacillus subtilis based on high-throughput phenotyping and gene essentiality data. J Biol Chem 282:28791–28799. https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M703759200
Palazzotto E, Weber T (2018) Omics and multi-omics approaches to study the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites in microorganisms. Curr Opin Microbiol 45:109–116. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mib.2018.03.004
Palazzini JM, Dunlap CA, Bowman MJ, Chulze SN (2016) Bacillus velezensis RC 218 as a biocontrol agent to reduce Fusarium head blight and deoxynivalenol accumulation: Genome sequencing and secondary metabolite cluster profiles. Microbiol Res 192:30–36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micres.2016.06.002
Palencia P, Martínez F, Pestana M, Oliveira JA, Correia PJ (2015) Effect of Bacillus velezensis and Glomus intraradices on fruit quality and growth parameters in strawberry soilless growing system. Hort J 84:122–130
Pan HQ, Li QL, Hu JC (2017) The complete genome sequence of Bacillus velezensis 9912D reveals its biocontrol mechanism as a novel commercial biological fungicide agent. J Biotechnol 247:25–28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiotec.2017.02.022
Pandin C, Le Coq D, Deschamps J, Vedie R, Rousseau T, Aymerich S, Briandet R (2018) Complete genome sequence of Bacillus velezensis QST713: a biocontrol agent that protects Agaricus bisporus crops against the green mould disease. J Biotechnol 278:10–19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiotec.2018.04.014
Patil KR, Åkesson M, Nielsen J (2004) Use of genome-scale microbial models for metabolic engineering. Curr Opin Biotechnol 15:64–69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copbio.2003.11.003
Rashid MH-O, Khan A, Hossain MT, Chung YR (2017) Induction of systemic resistance against aphids by endophytic Bacillus velezensis YC7010 via expressing phytoalexin deficient4 in Arabidopsis. Front Plant Sci 8:211. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2017.00211
Rehman NU, Abed RMM, Hussain H, Khan HY, Khan A, Khan AL, Ali M, Al-Nasri A, Al-Harrasi K, Al-Rawahi AN, Wadood A, Al-Rawahi A, Al-Harrasi A (2018) Anti-proliferative potential of cyclotetrapeptides from Bacillus velezensis RA5401 and their molecular docking on G-protein-coupled receptors. Microb Pathog 123:419–425. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micpath.2018.07.043
Ruiz-García C, Béjar V, Martínez-Checa F, Llamas I, Quesada E (2005) Bacillus velezensis sp. nov., a surfactant-producing bacterium isolated from the river Vélez in Málaga, southern Spain. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 55:191–195. https://doi.org/10.1099/ijs.0.63310-0
Van Doan H, Hoseinifar SH, Khanongnuch C, Kanpiengjai A, Unban K, Van Kim V, Srichaiyo S (2018) Host-associated probiotics boosted mucosal and serum immunity, disease resistance and growth performance of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Aquaculture 491:94–100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2018.03.019
Wambacq E, Audenaert K, Hofte M, De Saeger S, Haesaert G (2018) Bacillus velezensis as antagonist towards Penicillium roqueforti s.l. in silage: in vitro and in vivo evaluation. J Appl Microbiol 125:1–11. https://doi.org/10.1111/jam.13944
Wu C-W, Zhao X, Wu X-J, Wen C, Li H, Chen X-H, Peng X-X (2015a) Exogenous glycine and serine promote growth and antifungal activity of Penicillium citrinum W1 from the south-west Indian Ocean FEMS. Microbiol Lett 362:fnv040
Wu L, Wu H-J, Qiao J, Gao X, Borriss R (2015b) Novel routes for improving biocontrol activity of Bacillus based bioinoculants. Front Microbiol 6:1395. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2015.01395
Wu Y-S, Ngai S-C, Goh B-H, Chan K-G, Lee L-H, Chuah L-H (2017) Anticancer activities of surfactin and potential application of nanotechnology assisted surfactin delivery. Front Pharmacol 8:761. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2017.00761
Xu Y-J, Wang C, Ho WE, Ong CN (2014) Recent developments and applications of metabolomics in microbiological investigations TrAC. Trends Anal Chem 56:37–48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trac.2013.12.009
Ye M, Tang X, Yang R, Zhang H, Li F, Tao F, Li F, Wang Z (2018) Characteristics and application of a novel species of Bacillus: Bacillus velezensis. ACS Chem Biol 13:500–505. https://doi.org/10.1021/acschembio.7b00874
Yoo Y, Seo D-H, Lee H, Nam Y-D, Seo M-J (2018) Inhibitory effect of Bacillus velezensis on biofilm formation by Streptococcus mutans. bioRxiv:313965
Zachow C, Jahanshah G, de Bruijn I, Song C, Ianni F, Pataj Z, Gerhardt H, Pianet I, Lämmerhofer M, Berg G, Gross H, Raaijmakers JM (2015) The novel lipopeptide poaeamide of the endophyte Pseudomonas poae RE*1-1-14 is involved in pathogen suppression and root colonization. Mol Plant-Microbe Interact 28:800–810. https://doi.org/10.1094/MPMI-12-14-0406-R
Zaki SA, Elkady MF, Farag S, Abd-El-Haleem D (2013) Characterization and flocculation properties of a carbohydrate bioflocculant from a newly isolated Bacillus velezensis 40B. J Environ Biol 34:51
Zhao X, Chen C, Jiang X, Shen W, Huang G, Le S, Lu S, Zou L, Ni Q, Li M, Zhao Y, Wang J, Rao X, Hu F, Tan Y (2016) Transcriptomic and metabolomic analysis revealed multifaceted effects of phage protein Gp70.1 on Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Front Microbiol 7:1519. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2016.01519
Acknowledgements
The first author appreciates North-West University for post-doctoral fellowship. This work is based on the research supported by National Research Foundation, South Africa (UID95111) France/SA bilateral.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Ethical approval
This article does not contain any studies involving human participants or animals.
Additional information
Publisher’s note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Adeniji, A.A., Loots, D.T. & Babalola, O.O. Bacillus velezensis: phylogeny, useful applications, and avenues for exploitation. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 103, 3669–3682 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-019-09710-5
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-019-09710-5