Abstract
Molecular mechanisms underlying inducible cobalt and nickel resistance of a bacterial strain isolated from a Cuban serpentine deposit were investigated. This strain C-1 was assigned to Serratia marcescens by 16S rDNA analysis and DNA/DNA hybridization. Genes involved in metal resistance were identified by transposon mutagenesis followed by selection for cobalt- and nickel-sensitive derivatives. The transposon insertion causing the highest decrease in metal resistance was located in the ncrABC determinant. The predicted NcrA product was a NreB ortholog of the major facilitator protein superfamily and central for cobalt/nickel resistance in S. marcescens strain C-1. NcrA also mediated metal resistance in Escherichia coli and caused decreased accumulation of Co(II) and Ni(II) in this heterologous host. NcrB may be a regulatory protein. NcrC was a protein of the nickel–cobalt transport (NiCoT) protein family and necessary for full metal resistance in E. coli, but only when NcrA was also present. Without NcrA, NcrC caused a slight decrease in metal resistance and mediated increased accumulation of Ni(II) and Co(II). Because the cytoplasmic metal concentration can be assumed to be the result of a flow equilibrium of uptake and efflux processes, this interplay between metal uptake system NcrC and metal efflux system NcrA may contribute to nickel and cobalt resistance in this bacterium.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Abín, L, Coto, O, Gomez, Y, Bosecker, K (2002) Isolation and characterization of indigenous microbiota from lateritic nickel ore of Moa mine. Rev Biol 16: 66–68
Akanuma, G, Nanamiya, H, Natori, Y, Nomura, N, Kawamura, F (2006) Liberation of zinc-containing L31 (RpmE) from ribosomes by its paralogous gene product, YtiA, in Bacillus subtilis. J Bacteriol 188: 2715–2720
Altschul, SF, et al. (1997) Gapped BLAST and PSI-BLAST: a new generation of protein database search programs. Nucleic Acid Res 25: 3389–3402
Amoroso, MJ, Schubert, D, Mitscherlich, P, Schumann, P, Kothe, E (2000) Evidence for high affinity nickel transporter genes in heavy metal resistant Streptomyces spec. J Basic Microbiol 40: 295–301
Auling, G, Probst, A, Kroppenstedt, RM (1986) Chemo- and molecular taxonomy of d(−1)-tartrate utilizing pseudomonads. Syst Appl Microbiol 8: 114–120
Blanc-Potard, AB, Lafay, B (2003) MgtC as a horizontally-acquired virulence factor of intracellular bacterial pathogens: evidence from molecular phylogeny and comparative genomics. J Mol Evol 57: 479–486
Bregeon, D, Colot, V, Radman, M, Taddei, F (2001) Translational misreading: a tRNA modification counteracts a + 2 ribosomal frameshift. Genes Dev 15: 2295–2306
Chamnongpol, S, Groisman, EA (2002) Mg2+ homeostasis and avoidance of metal toxicity. Mol Microbiol 44: 561–571
De Ley, J, Cattoir, H, Reynaerts, A (1970) The quantitative measurement of DNA hybridization from renaturation rates. Eur J Biochem 12: 133–142
Eitinger, T, Suhr, J, Moore, L, Smith, JAC (2005) Secondary transporters for nickel and cobalt ions: theme and variations. Biometals 18: 399–405
Franke, S, Grass, G, Rensing, C, Nies, DH (2003) Molecular analysis of the copper-transporting CusCFBA efflux system from Escherichia coli. J Bacteriol 185: 3804–3812
Froschauer, EM, Kolisek, M, Dieterich, F, Schweigel, M, Schweyen, RJ (2004) Fluorescence measurements of free [Mg2+] by use of mag-fura 2 in Salmonella enterica. FEMS Microbiol Lett 237: 49–55
Goris, J, et al. (2001) Classification of metal-resistant bacteria from industrial biotopes as Ralstonia campinensis sp. nov., Ralstonia metallidurans sp. nov. and Ralstonia basilensis Steinle et al. 1998 emend. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 51: 1773–1782
Grass, G, Fan, B, Rosen, BP, Lemke, K, Schlegel, HG, Rensing, C (2001) NreB from Achromobacter xylosoxidans 31A is a nickel-induced transporter conferring nickel resistance. J Bacteriol 183: 2803–2807
Grass G, Rensing C (2001) Genes involved in copper homeostasis in Escherichia coli. J Bacteriol 183: 2145–2147
Große, C, et al. (1999) Transcriptional organization of the czc heavy metal homoeostasis determinant from Alcaligenes eutrophus. J Bacteriol 181: 2385–2393
Hmiel, SP, Snavely, MD, Florer, JB, Maguire, ME, Miller, CG (1989) Magnesium transport in Salmonella typhimurium: genetic characterization and cloning of three magnesium transport loci. J Bacteriol 171: 4742–4751
Housecroft, CE, Constable, EC (2006) Chemistry, 3rd edn. Pearson Education Limited, Essex, England
Lavigne, JP, O’callaghan, D, Blanc-Potard, AB (2005) Requirement of MgtC for Brucella suis intramacrophage growth: a potential mechanism shared by Salmonella enterica and Mycobacterium tuberculosis for adaptation to a low-Mg2+ environment. Infect Immun 73: 3160–3163
Legatzki, A, Anton, A, Grass, G, Rensing, C, Nies, DH (2003a) Interplay of the Czc-system and two P-type ATPases in conferring metal resistance to Ralstonia metallidurans. J Bacteriol 185: 4354–4361
Legatzki, A, et al. (2003b) First step towards a quantitative model describing Czc-mediated heavy metal resistance in Ralstonia metallidurans. Biodegradation 14: 153–168
Lohmeyer, M, Friedrich, CG (1987) Nickel transport in Alcaligenes eutrophus. Arch Microbiol 149: 130–135
Mergeay, M, Nies, D, Schlegel, HG, Gerits, J, Charles, P, van Gijsegem, F (1985) Alcaligenes eutrophus CH34 is a facultative chemolithotroph with plasmid-bound resistance to heavy metals. J Bacteriol 162: 328–334
Moncrief, MB, Maguire, ME (1998) Magnesium and the role of MgtC in growth of Salmonella typhimurium. Infect Immun 66: 3802–3809
Moncrief, MB, Maguire, ME (1999) Magnesium transport in prokaryotes. J Biol Inorg Chem 4: 523–527
Munkelt, D, Grass, G, Nies, DH (2004) The chromosomally encoded cation diffusion facilitator proteins DmeF and FieF from Wautersia metallidurans CH34 are transporters of broad metal specificity. J Bacteriol 186: 8036–8043
Nakayashiki, T, Inokuchi, H (1998) Novel temperature-sensitive mutants of Escherichia coli that are unable to grow in the absence of wild-type tRNA(6)(Leu). J Bacteriol 180: 2931–2935
Nies, D, Mergeay, M, Friedrich, B, Schlegel, HG (1987) Cloning of plasmid genes encoding resistance to cadmium, zinc, and cobalt in Alcaligenes eutrophus CH34. J Bacteriol 169: 4865–4868
Nies, DH (1995) The cobalt, zinc, and cadmium efflux system CzcABC from Alcaligenes eutrophus functions as a cation–proton-antiporter in Escherichia coli. J Bacteriol 177: 2707–2712
Nies, DH (2003) Efflux-mediated heavy metal resistance in prokaryotes. FEMS Microbiol Rev 27: 313–339
Nies, DH (2004) Essential and toxic effects of elements on micro-organisms. In: Anke, K, Ihnat, M, Stoeppler, M (Eds.) Metals and Their Compounds in the Environment, Part II.1. Wiley-VCH, Weinheim
Nies, DH, Nies, A, Chu, L, Silver, S (1989) Expression and nucleotide sequence of a plasmid-determined divalent cation efflux system from Alcaligenes eutrophus. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 86: 7351–7355
Nies, DH, Rehbein, G, Hoffmann, T, Baumann, C, Grosse, C (2006) Paralog of genes encoding metal resistance proteins in Cupriavidus metallidurans strain CH34. J Mol Microbiol Biotechnol 11: 82–93
Nies, DH, Silver, S (1989) Metal ion uptake by a plasmid-free metal-sensitive Alcaligenes eutrophus strain. J Bacteriol 171: 4073–4075
Panina, EM, Mironov, AA, Gelfand, MS (2003) Comparative genomics of bacterial zinc regulons: enhanced ion transport, pathogenesis, and rearrangement of ribosomal proteins. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 100: 9912–9917
Park, JE, Schlegel, HG, Rhie, HG, Lee, HS (2004) Nucleotide sequence and expression of the ncr nickel and cobalt resistance in Hafnia alvei 5–5. Int Microbiol 7: 27–34
Park, JE, Young, KE, Schlegel, HG, Rhie, HG, Lee, HS (2003) Conjugative plasmid mediated inducible nickel resistance in Hafnia alvei 5–5. Int Microbiol 6: 57–64
Paulsen, IT, Park, JH, Choi, PS, Saier, MHJ (1997) A family of Gram-negative bacterial outer membrane factors that function in the export of proteins, carbohydrates, drugs and heavy metals from Gram-negative bacteria. FEMS Microbiol Lett 156: 1–8
Pfeiffer, J, Guhl, J, Waidner, B, Kist, M, Bereswill, S (2002) Magnesium uptake by CorA is essential for viability of the gastric pathogen Helicobacter pylori. Infect Immun 70: 3930–3934
Rodionov, DA, Hebbeln, P, Gelfand, MS, Eitinger, T (2006) Comparative and functional genomic analysis of prokaryotic nickel and cobalt uptake transporters: evidence for a novel group of ATP-binding cassette transporters. J Bacteriol 188: 317–327
Rodrigue, A, Effantin, G, Mandrand-Berthelot, MA (2005) Identification of rcnA (yohM), a nickel and cobalt resistance gene in Escherichia coli. J Bacteriol 187: 2912–2916
Saier, MH Jr, Tam, R, Reizer, A, Reizer, J (1994) Two novel families of bacterial membrane proteins concerned with nodulation, cell division and transport. Mol Microbiol 11: 841–847
Saier, MHJ (2000) A functional–phylogenetic classification system for transmembrane solute transporters. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 64: 354–411
Sambrook, J, Fritsch, EF, Maniatis, T (1989) Molecular Cloning, a Laboratory Manual, 2nd edn. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY
Siddiqui, RA, Benthin, K, Schlegel, HG (1989) Cloning of pMOL28-encoded nickel resistance genes and expression of the genes in Alcaligenes eutrophus and Pseudomonas spp. J Bacteriol 171: 5071–5078
Stoppel, R-D, Meyer, M, Schlegel, HG (1995) The nickel resistance determinant cloned from the enterobacterium Klebsiella oxytoca: conjugational transfer, expression, regulation and DNA homologies to various nickel-resistant bacteria. Biometals 8: 70–79
Stoppel, R-D, Schlegel, HG (1995) Nickel-resistant bacteria from anthropogenically nickel-polluted and naturally nickel-percolated ecosystems. Appl Environ Microbiol 61: 2276–2285
Tseng, T-T, et al. (1999) The RND superfamily: an ancient, ubiquitous and diverse family that includes human disease and development proteins. J Mol Microbiol Biotechnol 1: 107–125
Vandamme, P, Coenye, T (2004) Taxonomy of the genus Cupriavidus: a tale of lost and found. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 54: 2285–2289
Vaneechoutte, M, Kämpfer, P, De Baere, T, Falsen, E, Verschraegen, G (2004) Wautersia gen. nov., a novel genus accommodating the phylogenetic lineage including Ralstonia eutropha and related species, and proposal of Ralstonia [Pseudomonas] syzygii (Roberts et al. 1990) comb. nov. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 54: 317–327
Webb, M (1970) Interrelationship between utilization of magnesium and the uptake of other bivalent cations by bacteria. Biochim Biophys Acta 222: 428–439
White, DJ, Merod, R, Thomasson, B, Hartzell, PL (2001) GidA is an FAD-binding protein involved in development of Myxococcus xanthus. Mol Microbiol 42: 503–517
Acknowledgments
We thank Grit Schleuder and Inge Reupke for skillful technical assistance. We also thank Cornelia Große and Chris Rensing for helpful discussions and critical reading of the manuscript. This work was supported as part of the GRK 416 “Stress by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft and innovation grant HWP 56 IF by Land Sachsen-Anhalt.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Marrero, J., Auling, G., Coto, O. et al. High-Level Resistance to Cobalt and Nickel but Probably No Transenvelope Efflux: Metal Resistance in the Cuban Serratia marcescens Strain C-1. Microb Ecol 53, 123–133 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00248-006-9152-7
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00248-006-9152-7