References
Marcus CL, Katz ES, Lutz J et al (2005) Upper airway dynamic responses in children with the obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Pediatr Res 57:99–107
Marcus CL, McColley SA, Carroll JL et al (1994) Upper airway collapsibility in children with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. J Appl Physiol 77:918–924
Isono S, Tanaka A, Nishino T (2003) Dynamic interaction between the tongue and soft palate during obstructive apnea in anesthetized patients with sleep-disordered breathing. J Appl Physiol 95:2257–2264
Donnelly LF, Shott SR, LaRose CR et al (2004) Causes of persistent obstructive sleep apnea despite previous tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy in children with down syndrome as depicted on static and dynamic cine MRI. AJR 183:175–181
Abbott MB, Donnelly LF, Dardzinski BJ et al (2004) Obstructive sleep apnea: MR imaging volume segmentation analysis. Radiology 232:889–895
Hudgel DW, Harasick T, Katz RL et al (1991) Uvulopalatopharyngoplasty in obstructive apnea. Value of preoperative localization of site of upper airway narrowing during sleep. Am Rev Respir Dis 143:942–946
Gibson SE, Myer CM 3rd, Strife JL et al (1996) Sleep fluoroscopy for localization of upper airway obstruction in children. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 105:678–683
Shott SR, Donnelly LF (2004) Cine magnetic resonance imaging: evaluation of persistent airway obstruction after tonsil and adenoidectomy in children with Down syndrome. Laryngoscope 114:1724–1729
Isono S, Shimada A, Utsugi M et al (1998) Comparison of static mechanical properties of the passive pharynx between normal children and children with sleep-disordered breathing. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 157:1204–1212
Connolly LA (1991) Anesthetic management of obstructive sleep apnea patients. J Clin Anesth 3:461–469
den Herder C, Schmeck J, Appelboom DJ et al (2004) Risks of general anaesthesia in people with obstructive sleep apnoea. BMJ 329:955–959
Drummond GB (1996) Comparison of sedation with midazolam and ketamine: effects on airway muscle activity. Br J Anaesth 76:663–667
Luscri N, Tobias JD (2006) Monitored anesthesia care with a combination of ketamine and dexmedetomidine during magnetic resonance imaging in three children with trisomy 21 and obstructive sleep apnea. Paediatr Anaesth 16:782–786
Doze VA, Chen BX, Maze M (1989) Dexmedetomidine produces a hypnotic–anesthetic action in rats via activation of central alpha-2 adrenoceptors. Anesthesiology 71:75–79
Nelson LE, Lu J, Guo T et al (2003) The alpha2-adrenoceptor agonist dexmedetomidine converges on an endogenous sleep-promoting pathway to exert its sedative effects. Anesthesiology 98:428–436
Hsu YW, Cortinez LI, Robertson KM et al (2004) Dexmedetomidine pharmacodynamics: part I: crossover comparison of the respiratory effects of dexmedetomidine and remifentanil in healthy volunteers. Anesthesiology 101:1066–1076
Mahmoud M, Gunter J, Donnelly L et al (2009) Comparison of dexmedetomidine with Propofol for magnetic resonance imaging sleep studies in children. Anesth Analg, in press
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Mahmoud, M., Gunter, J. & Sadhasivam, S. Ciné MRI airway studies in children with sleep apnea: optimal images and anesthetic challenges. Pediatr Radiol 39, 1034–1037 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00247-009-1367-6
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00247-009-1367-6