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Synthesis, Characterization and Applications of a Perdeuterated Amphipol

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Abstract

Amphipols are short amphipathic polymers that can substitute for detergents at the hydrophobic surface of membrane proteins (MPs), keeping them soluble in the absence of detergents while stabilizing them. The most widely used amphipol, known as A8-35, is comprised of a polyacrylic acid (PAA) main chain grafted with octylamine and isopropylamine. Among its many applications, A8-35 has proven particularly useful for solution-state NMR studies of MPs, for which it can be desirable to eliminate signals originating from the protons of the surfactant. In the present work, we describe the synthesis and properties of perdeuterated A8-35 (perDAPol). Perdeuterated PAA was obtained by radical polymerization of deuterated acrylic acid. It was subsequently grafted with deuterated amines, yielding perDAPol. The number-average molar mass of hydrogenated and perDAPol, ~4 and ~5 kDa, respectively, was deduced from that of their PAA precursors, determined by size exclusion chromatography in tetrahydrofuran following permethylation. Electrospray ionization–ion mobility spectrometry–mass spectrometry measurements show the molar mass and distribution of the two APols to be very similar. Upon neutron scattering, the contrast match point of perDAPol is found to be ~120 % D2O. In 1H-1H nuclear overhauser effect NMR spectra, its contribution is reduced to ~6 % of that of hydrogenated A8-35, making it suitable for extended uses in NMR spectroscopy. PerDAPol ought to also be of use for inelastic neutron scattering studies of the dynamics of APol-trapped MPs, as well as small-angle neutron scattering and analytical ultracentrifugation.

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Abbreviations

1D, 2D, 3D:

One-, two- and three-dimensional, respectively

A8-35:

Sodium poly(acrylate)-based amphipol with a weight-average molar mass close to 8 kDa and containing 35 % of free carboxylate

A8-75:

Sodium poly(acrylate)-based amphipol with a weight-average molar mass close to 8 kDa and containing 75 % of free carboxylate

AA:

Acrylic acid

AAd4 :

Acrylic acid-d4

AIBN:

2,2′-Azoisobutyronitrile

APol:

Amphipol

AUC:

Analytical ultracentrifugation

CMP:

Neutron scattering contrast match point

C t :

Transfer constant

DAPol:

A8-35 with perdeuterated side chains

DCI:

Dicyclohexylcarbodiimide

DCU:

N,N-Dicyclohexylurea

\(\overline{{DP_{n} }}\) :

Average degree of polymerization in number

dV:

Differential viscometry

Đ:

Molar mass dispersity

ESI:

Electrospray ionization

HAPol:

Hydrogenated A8-35

HSQC:

Heteronuclear single quantum correlation

HOBt:

1-N-Hydroxybenzotriazole

IMS:

Ion mobility spectrometry

INS:

Inelastic neutron scattering

LTB4 :

Leukotriene B4

\(\overline{{M_{n} }}\) :

Number-average molar mass

mQ water:

Water purified on a A10 advantage millipore system

MS:

Mass spectrometry

\(\overline{{M_{w} }}\) :

Weight-average molar mass

NAPol:

Non-ionic amphipol

NMP:

N-Methylpyrrolidone

NOE:

Nuclear Overhauser effect

NOESY:

NOE spectroscopy

PAA:

Poly(acrylic acid)

perDAPol:

Perdeuterated A8-35

PEO:

Poly(ethylene oxide)

PS:

Polystyrene

RI:

Refractive index

R S :

Stokes radius

SANS:

Small-angle neutron scattering

SAPol:

Sulfonated amphipol derived from A8-75

SEC:

Size-exclusion chromatography

TA:

Transfer agent

TGA:

Thioglycolic acid

THF:

Tetrahydrofuran

TMSCHN2 :

Trimethylsilyldiazomethane

WHH:

Width at half-height

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Acknowledgments

Particular thanks are due to Alain Fradet (UPMC - CNRS, IPCM) for his support and his comments on the manuscript, to Gaëlle Pembouong and Marion Chenal (same laboratory) for assistance with SEC analyses, to Christophe Tribet (Ecole Normale Supérieure, Paris) for his kind help at interpreting the results of the SEC experiments and to the Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council of the UK for funding for the Synapt HDMS mass spectrometer (BB/E012558/1), ANC (BB/K000659/1) and TGW (BB/K501827/1). This work was supported by the French Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), by Université Paris-7 Denis Diderot, by grant “DYNAMO,” ANR-11-LABX-0011-01 from the French “Initiative d’Excellence” program, by the Office of Biological and Environmental Research, US Department of Energy (Bio-SANS, operated by ORNL’s Center for Structural Molecular Biology) and the Scientific User Facilities Division, Office of Basic Energy Sciences, US Department of Energy (ORNL’s High Flux Isotope Reactor).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Laboratoire de Physico-Chimie Moléculaire des Membranes Biologiques, UMR 7099, Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique (FRC 550), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique and Université Paris-7, 13 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 75005, Paris, France

    Fabrice Giusti, Laurent J. Catoire, Marina Casiraghi & Jean-Luc Popot

  2. UMR 8232, Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire (IPCM), Equipe Chimie des Polymères, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, 75005, Paris, France

    Jutta Rieger

  3. UMR 8232, Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire (IPCM), Equipe Chimie des Polymères, CNRS, 75005, Paris, France

    Jutta Rieger

  4. Center for Structural Molecular Biology and Biology and Soft Matter Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA

    Shuo Qian

  5. Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK

    Antonio N. Calabrese, Thomas G. Watkinson, Sheena E. Radford & Alison E. Ashcroft

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  1. Fabrice Giusti
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Giusti, F., Rieger, J., Catoire, L.J. et al. Synthesis, Characterization and Applications of a Perdeuterated Amphipol. J Membrane Biol 247, 909–924 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00232-014-9656-x

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