Growth and grazing responses of tintinnid ciliates feeding on the toxic dinoflagellate Heterocapsacircularisquama

Abstract

Growth and feeding rates of two tintinnid species, Favellaazorica and Favellataraikaensis, were determined under various concentrations of the dinoflagellate Heterocapsacircularisquama which has been reported as highly toxic to shellfish. Mean growth rates of F. azorica and F. taraikaensis on a diet of H.circularisquama (ca. 10² cells ml⁻¹) were 2.15 and 1.97 doublings d⁻¹, respectively. These values are similar to those on a diet of Heterocapsatriquetra which is suitable food for various zooplankton. However, growth rates of both tintinnid species decrease with increasing concentrations of >10³ cells ml⁻¹ of H. circularisquama. In particular, H. circularisquama under conditions of >10³ cells ml⁻¹ caused mortality in F.taraikaensis, probably due to toxins. Clearance and ingestion rates of F. azorica on H. circularisquama were 4.1 to 27.5 μl ind⁻¹ h⁻¹ and 1.5 to 28.7 cells ind⁻¹ h⁻¹, respectively, at concentrations of <10⁴ cells ml⁻¹ and those of F. taraikaensis were 0.9 to 22.1 μl ind⁻¹ h⁻¹ and 0.1 to 13.0 cells ind⁻¹ h⁻¹, respectively, at concentrations of <10³ cells ml⁻¹. Both clearance and ingestion rates on H.circularisquama were higher for replicates fed on H.triquetra. Daily grazing impact of the two species of Favella on the initial stage of a bloom of H.circularisquama were estimated to reach 6 to 50% of H. circularisquama at a concentration of 540 cells ml⁻¹, indicating that grazing by tintinnids such as Favella spp. may significantly regulate the initial stages of blooms of H. circularisquama.