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Between the current and the coast: genetic connectivity in the spiny lobster Panulirus homarus rubellus, despite potential barriers to gene flow

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Abstract

The spiny lobster Panulirus homarus rubellus is endemic to the Southwest Indian Ocean, where it inhabits a narrow continental shelf between an exposed coast and the upper reaches of the strong western-boundary Agulhas Current. Long-lived phyllosoma larvae released in this dynamic ocean environment have an uncertain fate—they can be retained over the shelf by sub-mesoscale processes, dispersed downstream along the coast or across the Mozambique Channel, or become entrained in the Agulhas Current, and presumably lost. To assess gene flow and population genetic structure, we analyzed mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 and hypervariable control region sequences, and 19 nuclear microsatellite loci obtained from lobsters collected at nine sites in eastern South Africa, Mozambique and southeast Madagascar. Clustering analyses confirmed genetic connectivity among all populations, and gene flow patterns supported the hypothesis that nearshore processes, such as lee eddies and counter currents, retain some phyllosomas over the shelf; whereas, net gene flow direction was moderate towards the southwest. The Mozambique Channel did not impede contemporary gene flow from Madagascar to the African shelf, but return gene flow was rare. Different marker types showed contrasting gene flow patterns during contemporary and evolutionary periods, when Pleistocene glacial/interglacial cycles would have affected sea level, ocean currents and dispersal patterns. Despite genetic connectivity and the importance of local recruitment, recent gene flow suggests an ancillary source/sink dynamic concordant with the prevailing southwesterly direction of boundary currents at the shelf-edge—a factor to consider in regional fisheries and conservation strategies.

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Data accessibility

GenBank accession numbers for sequence data have been provided in the supplementary information. Genotypic data will be submitted to the Dryad repository.

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Acknowledgements

We thank Lourenzo Zacarias (Instituto Nacional de Investigaҫӑo Pesqueira, Maputo Mozambique), and the African Coelecanth Ecosystems Project (ACEP, Suitcase Project) for providing tissue samples.

Funding

The study received funding support from the South West Indian Ocean Fisheries Project (SWIOFP) and the first author obtained a PhD grant through the Professional Development Programme (PDP) of the National Research Foundation in South Africa.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Oceanographic Research Institute, P.O. Box 10712, Marine Parade, 4056, South Africa

    Sohana P. Singh & Johan C. Groeneveld

  2. School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa

    Sohana P. Singh, Johan C. Groeneveld & Sandi Willows-Munro

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  1. Sohana P. Singh
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  2. Johan C. Groeneveld
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  3. Sandi Willows-Munro
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Correspondence to Sohana P. Singh.

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All applicable institutional and/or national guidelines for the care and use of animals were followed. Samples were collected under permits from the Department of Environmental Affairs in South Africa (Permit numbers RES2012/35, RES2013/65, RES2014/48, RES2015/36 and RES2016/14).

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Singh, S.P., Groeneveld, J.C. & Willows-Munro, S. Between the current and the coast: genetic connectivity in the spiny lobster Panulirus homarus rubellus, despite potential barriers to gene flow. Mar Biol 166, 36 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00227-019-3486-4

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