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Current genetic status, temporal stability and structure of the remnant wild European flat oyster populations: conservation and restoring implications

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Abstract

The flat oyster (Ostrea edulis) is one of the most appreciated molluscs in Europe, but natural beds have been greatly reduced due to harvesting and the effects of the parasite Bonamia ostreae. Characterization of current wild populations is required to develop long-term bed restoration programmes by enhancing genetic diversity and tolerance to bonamiosis. Oysters from different locations corresponding to the main natural beds from Denmark, The Netherlands, England, Ireland, France and Spain, including two different cohorts per location were sampled in 2011 and 2013. Sixteen microsatellite loci were used to study temporal and geographical genetic structure. Temporal variation was low, although sometimes significant probably due to high variance in reproductive success among individuals. Conversely, samples from different countries showed much higher genetic divergence, and Ireland and France presented differences among locations within country. Clustering analyses grouped samples into three main geographical regions, associated with oceanic fronts: one group constituted by The Netherlands and Denmark; another by France, Ireland and England; and a third one exclusively by Spain. Effective population sizes (Ne) within regions were high (>1000), which reflects population stability and low levels of genetic drift. The presence of regional genetic structure shows the potential for local adaptation of O. edulis and suggests caution when transplanting individuals, especially between distant geographical regions.

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Acknowledgments

Authors wish to thank S. Sanchez-Darriba, L. Insua and S. Gomez for their technical support and D. Iglesias, A. van den Brink, E. Brummelhuis, A. van Gool, C. Fomsgard, J. K. Petersen and M. Longshaw for providing wild samples. The authors are also grateful to Dr. O. Puebla and four anonymous reviewers for their constructive comments on the earlier version of this manuscript. This study has been supported by the OYSTERECOVER project (FP7-SM3-2008-2-243583) from the European Community’s Seventh Framework Programme.

Funding

This study was funded by the OYSTERECOVER project from the European Community’s Seventh Framework Programme (FP7-SM3-2008-2-243583).

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    Authors and Affiliations

    1. Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Campus de Lugo, 27002, Lugo, Spain

      Manuel Vera & Paulino Martinez

    2. Laboratori d’Ictiologia Genètica, Departament de Biologia, Facultat de Ciències, Universitat de Girona, Campus Montilivi, 17071, Girona, Spain

      Manuel Vera

    3. Area 52 Research Group, School of Biology and Environmental Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland

      Jens Carlsson & Jeanette EL Carlsson

    4. School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences/Aquauculture and Fisheries Development Centre, University College Cork, North Mall, Cork, Ireland

      Jens Carlsson, Jeanette EL Carlsson, Tom Cross, Sharon Lynch & Sarah Culloty

    5. Institute of Marine Research and Ecosystem Studies, Wageningen UR, PO Box 77, 4400 AB, Yerseke, The Netherlands

      Pauline Kamermans

    6. Centro de Investigacións Mariñas, Consellería de Pesca e Asuntos Marítimos, Xunta de Galicia, 36620, Vilanova de Arousa, Spain

      Antonio Villalba

    7. Departamento de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad de Alcalá, 28871, Alcalá de Henares, Spain

      Antonio Villalba

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    Correspondence to Manuel Vera.

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    All applicable international, national and/or institutional guidelines for the care and use of animals were followed. This article does not contain any studies with human participants performed by any of the authors.

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    M. Vera and J. Carlsson have contributed equally to this work and are first co-authors.

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    Vera, M., Carlsson, J., Carlsson, J.E. et al. Current genetic status, temporal stability and structure of the remnant wild European flat oyster populations: conservation and restoring implications. Mar Biol 163, 239 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00227-016-3012-x

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