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High-temperature acclimation strategies within the thermally tolerant endosymbiont Symbiodinium trenchii and its coral host, Turbinaria reniformis, differ with changing pCO 2 and nutrients

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A Correction to this article was published on 30 September 2020

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Abstract

The dinoflagellate Symbiodinium trenchii associates with a wide array of host corals throughout the world, and its thermal tolerance has made it of particular interest within the context of reef coral resilience to a warming climate. However, future reefs are increasingly likely to face combined environmental stressors, further complicating our understanding of how S. trenchii will possibly acclimatize to future climate scenarios. Over a 33-day period, we characterized the individual and combined affects of high temperature (26.5 vs. 31.5 °C), pCO2 (400 vs. 760 µatm), and elevated nutrients (0.4 and 0.2 vs. 3.5 and 0.3 µmol of NO3/NO2 and \({\text{PO}}_{4}^{3 - }\), respectively) on S. trenchii within the host coral species Turbinaria reniformis. Global analysis across all treatments found temperature to be the largest driver of physiological change. However, exposure to elevated temperature led to changes in symbiont physiology that differed across pCO2 concentrations. Net photosynthesis and cellular chlorophyll a increased with temperature under ambient pCO2, whereas temperature-related differences in cellular volume and its affect on pigment packaging were more pronounced under elevated pCO2. Furthermore, increased nutrients mitigated the physiological response to high temperature under both ambient and elevated pCO2 conditions and represented a significant interaction between all three physical parameters. Individual responses to temperature and pCO2 were also observed as cellular density declined with elevated temperature and calcification along with respiration rates declined with increased pCO2. Symbiodinium trenchii remained the dominant symbiont population within the host across all treatment combinations. Our results reveal distinct physiological changes in response to high temperature within the S. trenchii/T. reniformis symbioses that are dependent on pCO2 and nutrient concentration, and represent important interactive effects to consider as we consider how corals will respond under future climate change scenarios.

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Change history

  • 30 September 2020

    In the original article, the light cycle was indicated as 12:12��h light:dark.

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Acknowledgments

We thank the employee’s at Reef Systems Coral Farm for their assistance with maintaining coral colonies prior to experimentation and with construction of the experimental systems. The work was funded by the National Science Foundation, Grant Nos. 1041124 and 1316055.

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Author notes

  1. Wei-Jun Cai

    Present address: School of Marine Science and Policy, University of Delaware, Lewes, DE, USA

  2. Justin H. Baumann

    Present address: Department of Marine Sciences, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA

  3. Verena Schoepf

    Present address: ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, UWA Oceans Institute and School of Earth and Environment, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia

  4. Stephen Levas

    Present address: Department of Geography and Environmental Science, Villanova University, Villanova, PA, USA

  5. Qian Ding

    Present address: Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China

Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Marine Science and Policy, University of Delaware, Lewes, DE, USA

    Kenneth D. Hoadley, D. Tye Pettay & Mark E. Warner

  2. School of Earth Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA

    Andréa G. Grottoli, Stephen Levas, Verena Schoepf, Yohei Matsui & Justin H. Baumann

  3. Department of Marine Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA

    Wei-Jun Cai, Qian Ding & Yongchen Wang

  4. Reef Systems Coral Farm, New Albany, OH, USA

    Todd F. Melman

  5. Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China

    Xiangchen Yuan

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Correspondence to Kenneth D. Hoadley.

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Hoadley, K.D., Pettay, D.T., Grottoli, A.G. et al. High-temperature acclimation strategies within the thermally tolerant endosymbiont Symbiodinium trenchii and its coral host, Turbinaria reniformis, differ with changing pCO 2 and nutrients. Mar Biol 163, 134 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00227-016-2909-8

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