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Contribution of living and degrading kelp to coastal iodine fluxes

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Abstract

Laminaria digitata forms locally extensive and ecologically important kelp beds in northern temperate regions. Its sporophytes retain large quantities of iodine which, when released into seawater (as iodide, I−) and into air (as molecular iodine, I2), have the potential to contribute significantly to coastal iodine biogeochemical processes. Here, standing crop of a living L. digitata bed and biomass of degrading kelp deposited near the high tide mark were quantified in western Ireland (53°09′25″N, 09°06′58″W) in summer 2011. Measurements revealed an average of 17 living individuals m−2, accounting for 0.6 (kg dw) m−2, and the biomass of degrading kelp averaged 0.05 (kg dw) m−2. We further investigated the iodine-retention capacity of L. digitata and the effect of degradation. Under controlled conditions, I− release into seawater and I2 emission into air depended on the physiological state of L. digitata. Fresh and “healthy” phylloids absorbed I− from seawater with I2 emission rates reaching 27 nmol (g dw)−1 h−1. After 4 days of degradation, I2 emission rates were enhanced by a factor of 3.1. Over 29 days of submersed degradation, ~4.7 μmol I− (g dw)−1 were released into seawater, a process which could trigger iodine recycling in coastal areas. Combined field and laboratory data suggest that living L. digitata sporophytes possess an I2 emission capacity of ~16 μmol m−2 h−1, whilst emersed degrading kelp contributes 1–5 μmol m−2 h−1 to coastal atmospheric I2 during summer. This study provides evidence that not only living but also degrading kelp acts as driver of coastal iodine fluxes.

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Acknowledgments

The authors are grateful to Professor Colin D. O’Dowd (School of Physics and Ryan Institute, NUI Galway) and Professor Frithjof C. Küpper (Oceanlab, University of Aberdeen) for enriching the discussion on the biogeochemistry of iodine. We thank Dr Freddy Guihéneuf (Botany and Plant Science, School of Natural Sciences and Ryan Institute, NUI Galway) for helpful comments during the preparation of the manuscript. We gratefully acknowledge financial support by the Irish Research Council (IRC, Embark Initiative and INSPIRE postdoctoral fellowship program, Marie Curie CoFund (FP 7)), the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA large-scale project: “Exchange at the Air-Sea Interface: Air Quality & Climate ImpactS” 2007-CCRP-5.5) and Science Foundation Ireland (SFI, Investigator Project 12/IP/1502).

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  1. Sophie Dixneuf

    Present address: Bioaster Technology Research Institute, 40 Avenue Tony Garnier, 69007, Lyon, France

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  1. Botany and Plant Science, School of Natural Sciences, and Ryan Institute for Environmental, Marine and Energy Research, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland

    Udo Nitschke, Matthias Schmid & Dagmar B. Stengel

  2. Department of Physics, and Environmental Research Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland

    Sophie Dixneuf & Albert A. Ruth

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Correspondence to Udo Nitschke.

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Nitschke, U., Dixneuf, S., Schmid, M. et al. Contribution of living and degrading kelp to coastal iodine fluxes. Mar Biol 162, 1727–1738 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00227-015-2699-4

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