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Distribution of wintering Common Eider Somateria mollissima in the Dutch Wadden Sea in relation to available food stocks

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Abstract

The number of Eiders Somateria mollissima wintering in the Dutch Wadden Sea has declined rapidly during the last two decades. Changes in the available food stocks are assumed to be an important cause of this trend. In order to extend the knowledge of the importance of particular food sources to wintering Eiders, data on distribution of Eiders obtained from aerial counts were spatially related to routinely collected monitoring data of shellfish. Based on previous diet studies, we hypothesized that the distribution of Eiders in the Dutch Wadden Sea is related to the presence of Mytilus edulis stocks and that M. edulis from the sublittoral areas, especially the ones from mussel culture plots will have the strongest effect on Eider distribution. Boosted regression tree models were applied to quantify the relative importance of different potential prey items on the distribution of wintering Eiders. Indeed, Eiders were found to prefer sites with high densities of medium- and large-sized M. edulis, especially from mussel culture plots. Other bivalve species seemed to serve as alternative prey, since sites with a relatively high abundance of these species increased in importance, when less M. edulis was available on culture plots. The contribution of cultured M. edulis to the diet of Eiders decreased during the course of the winter seasons, indicating that harvesting of M. edulis from the culture plots might reduce this high-quality food source at the end of the winter, forcing the Eiders to switch to less profitable prey.

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Acknowledgments

This study was supported by Waddenfonds via the Mosselwad-project and by the project ‘Draagkracht’ BO-11-007-003 commissioned by the former Ministry of Agriculture, Nature and Food Quality (LNV, now part of the Ministry of Economic affairs). The aerial counts and the WOT survey were also financially supported by the Dutch Ministry of Economic Affairs. The mussel seed survey was commissioned by the Dutch Mussel Producers Organization (PO Mossel). The PRODUS survey was part of a larger research project funded by the Dutch Ministry of Economic Affairs and PO Mossel. The ZKO survey was carried out within National Ocean and Coastal Research Programme the funded by the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research (NWO). We thank Rijkswaterstaat (RWS) for providing the data on Eider distribution in the Wadden Sea in January and everyone involved in the surveys who made this study possible. Thanks as well to Jaap van der Meer and Santiago Alvarez-Fernandez for the statistical support and David Chivall for the language-aid on the manuscript. We commemorate our pilot Brien van Wijk, who died in an air accident in May 2013.

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  1. IMARES Wageningen UR, Location Texel, P.O. Box 167, 1790 AD, Den Burg, The Netherlands

    Anja Cervencl, Elze Dijkman, Martin de Jong, Cor J. Smit & Mardik F. Leopold

  2. IMARES Wageningen UR, Location Yerseke, P.O. Box 77, 4400 AB, Yerseke, The Netherlands

    Karin Troost

  3. Sovon Dutch Centre for Field Ornithology, Sovon-Texel, P.O. Box 59, 1790 AB, Den Burg, The Netherlands

    Bruno J. Ens

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  1. Anja Cervencl
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  2. Karin Troost
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Correspondence to Anja Cervencl.

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Cervencl, A., Troost, K., Dijkman, E. et al. Distribution of wintering Common Eider Somateria mollissima in the Dutch Wadden Sea in relation to available food stocks. Mar Biol 162, 153–168 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00227-014-2594-4

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