Abstract
The transport of eel early life stages may be critical to their population dynamics. This transport from ocean spawning to freshwater, estuarine and coastal nursery areas is a combination of physical and biological processes (including swimming behavior). In New Jersey, USA, the American eel (Anguilla rostrata) enters estuaries as glass eels (48.7–68.1 mm TL) in contrast to the Conger eel (Conger oceanicus) that enters as larger (metamorphosing) leptocephali (68.3–117.8 mm TL). To begin to understand the mechanisms of cross-shelf transport for these species, we measured the potential swimming capability (critical swimming speed, Ucrit) under ambient conditions throughout the ingress season. A. rostrata glass eels were collected over many months (January–June) at a range of temperatures (4–21°C), with relative condition declining over the course of the ingress period as temperatures warmed. C. oceanicus occurred later in the season (April–June) and at warmer temperatures (14–24.5°C). Mean Ucrit values for A. rostrata (11.7–13.3 cm s−1) and C. oceanicus (14.7–18.6 cm s−1) were comparable, but variable, with portions of the variability explained by water temperature, relative condition, ontogenetic stage, and fish length. Travel times to Little Egg Inlet, New Jersey, estimated using 50% Ucrit values, indicate it would take A. rostrata ~30 and ~60 days to swim from the shelf edge and Gulf Stream, respectively. Travel times for C. oceanicus were shorter, ~20 days from the shelf edge, and ~45 days from the Gulf Stream. Despite differences in life stage, our results indicate both species are competent swimmers, and suggest they are capable of swimming from the Gulf Stream and/or edge of the continental shelf to estuarine inlets.
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Acknowledgments
The authors appreciate the assistance of staff at the Rutgers University Marine Field Station, especially R. Hagan and S. Zeck in the collection of eels. This paper benefited from discussions with M. Sullivan. Authors thank Jon Hare and anonymous reviewers for comments on earlier drafts of this manuscript. These experiments complied with current laws in the United States and were conducted in accordance with the regulations of the Rutgers University Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC). This study was supported in part by New Jersey Sea Grant. This paper is contribution No. 2008-08 from the Institute of Marine and Coastal Sciences, Rutgers University.
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Communicated by H.O. Pörtner.
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Wuenschel, M.J., Able, K.W. Swimming ability of eels (Anguilla rostrata, Conger oceanicus) at estuarine ingress: contrasting patterns of cross-shelf transport?. Mar Biol 154, 775–786 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00227-008-0970-7
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00227-008-0970-7