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Habitat use, urea production and spawning in the gulf toadfish Opsanus beta

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Abstract

Field studies were conducted in Johnson Key Basin, Florida Bay, USA from September 2002 through September 2004 to examine physiological, ecological, and behavioral characteristics of the gulf toadfish, Opsanus beta (Goode and Bean in Proc US Natl Mes 3:333–345, 1880), in relation to nitrogen metabolism, habitat usage, and spawning. Fish collected 5 cm above sediments in experimental shelters (epibenthic) were compared with those collected by throw traps which were found on or burrowing within sediments. The relationship between microhabitat ammonia and urea excretion, as determined by the enzymatic activity of glutamine synthetase (GS), was examined. The hypothesis tested was that O. beta occupying epibenthic nests were less ureotelic with lower GS activities than non-nesting individuals on/in sediments, due to a decreased environmental ammonia burden. Porewater total ammonia (T Amm) concentrations at a sediment depth of 5 cm, i.e., the approximate depth of burrowing toadfish, ranged from 0 to 106.5 μmol N l−1 while the pH ranged from 7.48 to 9.14. There was a weak but significant correlation between environmental ammonia (NH3) concentration and hepatic GS activity for epibenthic toadfish (P < 0.001, r 2 = 0.10), but not for burrowing toadfish. Mean urea-N and T Amm concentrations within shelters occupied by toadfish (n = 281) were 9.8 ± 0.83 μmol N l−1 and 13.0 ± 0.7 μmol N l−1, respectively. As predicted, hepatic GS activity was significantly lower in epibenthic toadfish captured in shelters (4.40 ± 0.24 μmol min−1 g−1; n = 281) as compared to individuals on/in sediments (6.61 ± 0.47 μmol min−1 g−1; n = 128). Glutamine synthetase activity generally peaked in March (spawning season) and was lowest in July. Gender differences in hepatic and branchial GS activity were also found during the spawning season, which is attributable to the fact that males brood and guard offspring in their epibenthic nests while females often rest on or burrow into the sediments. Finally, hepatic and branchial GS appeared to have different patterns of enzymatic activity suggesting functional differences in gene expression.

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Acknowledgments

We would like to thank Dr. Michael Robblee, Mr. Andre Daniels, and their crew at U.S. Geological Survey for providing throw trap collected toadfish and Everglades National Park for permitting this field study. Dr. Jerry Lorenz of the Audubon Tavernier Field Station and Mr. Joel Janco provided boat access. Thanks to Dr. Chris Wood, Dr. Robert Cowen, and an anonymous reviewer for helpful comments on this manuscript. This work was funded by National Science Foundation (IOB-0455904) and National Institute of Environmental Health (ESO5705) grants to PJW. All animal research was conducted in accordance with University of Miami assurance (A-3224-01) and the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (03-185).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Division of Marine Biology and Fisheries, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, Miami, FL, 33149, USA

    John F. Barimo, Joseph E. Serafy & Patrick J. Walsh

  2. National Marine Fisheries Service, Southeast Fisheries Science Center, 75 Virginia Beach Drive, Miami, FL, 33149, USA

    Joseph E. Serafy

  3. Audubon of Florida, Tavernier Science Center, 115 Indian Mound Trail, Tavernier, FL, 33070, USA

    Peter E. Frezza

  4. Department of Biology, Portland State University, Portland, OR, 97207, USA

    John F. Barimo

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  1. John F. Barimo
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  2. Joseph E. Serafy
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Correspondence to John F. Barimo.

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Communicated by J.P. Grassle, New Brunswick

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Barimo, J.F., Serafy, J.E., Frezza, P.E. et al. Habitat use, urea production and spawning in the gulf toadfish Opsanus beta . Mar Biol 150, 497–508 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00227-006-0356-7

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