Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Quantifying effects of pollution on biodiversity: a case study of highly diverse molluscan assemblages in the Mediterranean

  • Research Article
  • Published:
Marine Biology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Structured sampling designs are important in the assessment of environmental impacts of variable ecological systems. Recent developments have provided a useful framework extending existing univariate techniques into a multivariate context. Measures of taxonomic relatedness have also been introduced, which complement existing measures of diversity of assemblages. In this study, the potential effects of sewage discharge on spatial patterns of highly diverse molluscan assemblages in a Mediterranean rocky subtidal habitat were investigated. Nine 20 cm×20 cm quadrats were taken from each of three sites (80 m–100 m apart) within a putatively impacted location near a sewage outfall (I) and at each of two control locations (Cs) by destructive sampling by SCUBA divers at a depth of 3 m–4 m. A total of 5507 specimens of 151 species were collected. The average and the variance in total abundance of molluscs were greater, on average, at I than at Cs. Higher abundances at the sewage outfall were largely driven by greater numbers of juvenile molluscs. The Shannon diversity of molluscs (H′) was significantly lower at I, but no difference among locations was detected for the total number of species (S). In addition, the taxonomic distinctness (Δ*) of molluscs was greater at Cs, although it was more variable at I. Multivariate analyses showed that there was a significant difference in the structure of assemblages at I compared with Cs. The location near the outfall was characterized by greater abundances of several species, including especially the gastropods Pusillina philippi, Bittium latreilli, and Bittium reticulatum. There was also greater variability in the structure of assemblages among sites and among quadrats at control locations compared to those near the outfall. Using a suite of univariate and multivariate measures, including diversity indices, detailed information on taxonomic structure and analyses of variability at different spatial scales, provided useful insights into the effects of sewage impacts on these diverse assemblages. These results also highlighted the importance of analysing measures of variance, as well as mean in considering effects of stress in natural communities.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Airoldi L (2003) The effects of sedimentation on rocky coast assemblages. Oceanogr Mar Biol Annu Rev 41:161–236

    Google Scholar 

  • Anderson MJ (2001) A new method for non-parametric multivariate analysis of variance. Aust Ecol 26:32–46

    Google Scholar 

  • Anderson MJ (2004) DISTLM V.5: a FORTRAN computer program to calculate a distance-based multivariate analysis for a linear model. Department of Statistics, University of Auckland. http://www.stat.auckland.ac.nz/~mja/Programs.htm

  • Anderson MJ, Robinson J (2003) Generalised discriminant analysis based on distances. Aust NZ J Stat 45:301–318

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Anderson MJ, ter Braak CJF (2003) Permutation tests for multi-factorial analysis of variance. J Statistic Comp Sim 73:85–113

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Andrew NL, Mapstone BD (1987) Sampling and the description of spatial pattern in marine ecology. Oceanogr Mar Biol Annu Rev 25:39–90

    Google Scholar 

  • Archambault P, Banwell K, Underwood AJ (2001) Temporal variation in the structure of intertidal assemblages following the removal of sewage. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 222:51–62

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bedulli D, Castagnolo L, Ghisotti F, Spada G (1995c) Bivalvia, scaphopoda. In: Minelli A, Ruffo S, La Posta S (eds) Check-list delle specie della fauna italiana, vol 17. Calderini, Bologna, pp 1–21

  • Bedulli D, Dell‘Angelo B, Salvini-Plawen L (1995a) Caudofoveata, solenogastres, polyplacophora, monoplacophora. In: Minelli A, Ruffo S, La Posta S (eds) Check-list delle specie della fauna italiana, vol 13. Calderini, Bologna, pp 1–5

  • Bedulli D, Cattaneo-Vietti R, Chemello R, Ghisotti F, Giovine F (1995b) Gastropoda opistobranchia, divasibranchia gymnomorpha. In: Minelli A, Ruffo S, La Posta S (eds) Check-list delle specie della fauna italiana, vol 15. Calderini, Bologna, pp 1–24

  • Benedetti-Cecchi L (2001) Beyond BACI: optimization of environmental sampling design through monitoring and simulation. Ecol Appl 11:783–799

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Benedetti-Cecchi L (2003) The importance of the variance around the mean effect size of ecological processes. Ecology 84:2335–2346

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Benson BL (1989) Airlift sampler: applications for hard substrata. Bull Mar Sci 44:752–756

    Google Scholar 

  • Bishop MJ, Underwood AJ, Archambault P (2002) Sewage and environmental impacts on rocky shores: necessity of identifying relevant spatial scales. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 236:121–128

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bodon M, Favilli L, Giannuzzi-Savelli R, Giovine F, Giusti F, Manganelli G, Melone G, Oliverio M, Sabelli B, Spada G (1995) Gastropoda prosobranchia, heterobranchia heterostropha. In: Minelli A, Ruffo S, La Posta S (eds) Check-list delle specie della fauna italiana, vol 14. Calderini, Bologna, pp 1–60

  • Boero F (2001) Light after dark: the partnership for enhancing expertise in taxonomy. Trends Ecol Evol 16:266

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bouchet P, Lozouet P, Maestrat P, Heros V (2002) Assessing the magnitude of species richness in tropical marine environments: exceptionally high numbers of molluscs at a New Caledonia site. Biol J Linn Soc 75:421–436

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bray JR, Curtis JT (1957) An ordination of the upland forest communities of southern Wisconsin. Ecol Monogr 27:325–349

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Buhl-Mortensen L, Høsæter T (1993) Mollusc fauna along an offshore-fjord gradient. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 97:209–224

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Caley MJ, Carr MH, Hixon MA, Hughes TP, Jones GP, Menge BA (1996) Recruitment and the local dynamics of open marine populations. Annu Rev Ecol Syst 27:477–500

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Caswell H, Cohen JE (1991) Communities in patchy environments: a model of disturbance, competition, and heterogeneity. In: Kolasa J, Pickett STA (eds) Ecological heterogeneity. Springer-Verlag, New York, pp 97–122

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Cattaneo-Vietti R, Chiantore M, Schiaparelli S, Albertelli G (2000) Shallow- and deep-water mollusc distribution at Terra Nova Bay (Ross Sea, Antarctica). Polar Biol 23:173–182

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chapman MG, Underwood AJ, Skilleter GA (1995) Variability at different spatial scales between a subtidal assemblage exposed to the discharge of sewage and two control assemblages. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 189:103–122

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chemello R (1991) Contributo alla cartografia biocenotica dei fondali delle Isole Pelagie e struttura del popolamento a Molluschi ai fini delle costituzione della Riserva Marina. PhD Thesis, University of Messina, Messina, Italy

  • Chemello R, Milazzo M (2002) Effect of algal architecture on associated fauna: some evidence from phytal molluscs. Mar Biol 140:981–990

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chryssovergis F, Panayotidis P (1995) Évolution des peuplements macrophytobentiques le long d’un gradient d’eutrophisation (Golfe de Maliakos, Mer Égée, Grèce). Oceanol Acta 18:649–658

    Google Scholar 

  • Clarke KR (1993) Non-parametric multivariate analyses of changes in community structure. Aust J Ecol 18:117–143

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Clarke KR, Gorley RN (2001) PRIMER v5: User Manual/Tutorial. PRIMER-E: Plymouth

  • Clarke KR, Warwick RM (1998) A taxonomic distinctness index and its statistical properties. J Appl Ecol 35:523–531

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Clarke KR, Warwick RM (1999) The taxonomic distinctness measure of biodiversity: weighing of step lengths between hierarchical levels. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 184:21–29

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dauvin JC, Gomez Gesteira JL, Salvande Fraga M (2003) Taxonomic sufficiency: an overview of its use in the monitoring of sublittoral benthic communities after oil spills. Mar Poll Bull 46:552–555

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ellis D (1985) Taxonomic sufficiency in pollution assessment. Mar Poll Bull 16:459

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ferraro SP, Cole FA (1992) Taxonomic level sufficient for assessing a moderate impact on macrobenthic communities in Puget-Sound Washington, USA. Can J Fish Aquat Sci 49:1184–1188

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fraschetti S, Bianchi CN, Terlizzi A, Fanelli G, Morri C, Boero F (2001) Spatial variability and human disturbance in shallow subtidal hard substrate assemblages: a regional approach. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 212:1–12

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fraschetti S, Giangrande A, Terlizzi A, Boero F (2003) Pre- and post-settlement events in benthic community dynamics. Oceanol Acta 25:285–295

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gee JJ, Warwick RM (1994) Metazoans community structure in relation to the fractal dimension of marine macroalgae. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 103:141–150

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Giangrande A (2003) Biodiversity, conservation, and the ‘Taxonomic impediment’. Aquatic Conserv Mar Freshw Ecosyst 13:451–459

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Glasby TM (1997) Analysing data from post-impact studies using asymmetrical analyses of variance: a case study of epibiota on marinas. Aust J Ecol 22:448–459

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Green RH (1979) Sampling design and statistical methods for environmental biologists. Wiley, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Guidetti P, Terlizzi A, Fraschetti S, Boero F (2003) Changes in Mediterranean rocky-reef fish assemblages exposed to sewage pollution. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 253:269–278

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hall SJ, Greenstreet SPR (1998) Taxonomic distinctness and diversity measures: response in marine fish communities. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 166:227–229

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Heip C, Warwick RM, Carr MR, Herman PMJ, Huys R, Smol M, Holsbeke K (1988) Analysis of community attributes of benthic meiofauna of Frierfjiord/Langesundfjiord. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 46:171–180

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hewitt JE, Thrush SE, Cummings VJ (2001) Assessing environmental impacts: effects of spatial and temporal variability at likely impact scales. Ecol Appl 11:1502–1516

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hurlbert SH (1990) Spatial distribution of the montane unicorn. Oikos 58:257–271

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Irving AD, Connell SD (2002) Sedimentation and light penetration interact to maintain heterogeneity of subtidal habitats: algal versus invertebrate dominated assemblages. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 245:83–91

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kelaher BP, Chapman MG, Underwood AJ (2001) Spatial patterns of diverse macrofaunal assemblages in coralline turf and their associations with environmental variables. J Mar Biol Assoc UK 81:917–930

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kennelly SJ (1989) Effects of kelp canopies on understorey species due to shade and scour. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 168:35–58

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lambshead PJD, Platt HM, Shaw KM (1983) The detection of differences among assemblages of marine benthic species based on an assessment of dominance and diversity. J Nat Hist 17:859–874

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lasiak T (1998) Multivariate comparisons of rocky infratidal macrofaunal assemblages from replicate exploited and non-exploited localities on the Transkei coast of South Africa. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 167:15–23

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Legendre P, Anderson MJ (1999) Distance-based redundancy analysis: testing multispecies responses in multifactorial ecological experiments. Ecol Monogr 69:1–24

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Legendre P, Legendre L (1998) Numerical ecology. Elsevier, Amsterdam

    Google Scholar 

  • Lenihan HS (1999) Physical-biological coupling on oyster reef: how habitat structure influences individual performance. Ecol Monogr 69:251–275

    Google Scholar 

  • Lopez-Gappa JJ, Tablado A, Magaldi NH (1990) Influence of sewage pollution on a rocky intertidal community dominated by the mytilid Brachidontes rodriguezi. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 63:163–175

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Maurer D (2000) The dark side of the taxonomic sufficiency. Mar Poll Bull 40:98–101

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • May RM (1990) Taxonomy as destiny. Nature 347:129–130

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McArdle BH, Anderson MJ (2001) Fitting multivariate models to community data: a comment on distance-based redundancy analysis. Ecology 82:290–297

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Milazzo M, Chemello R, Badalamenti F, Riggio S (2000) Molluscan assemblages associated with photophilic algae in the Marine Reserve of Ustica Island (Lower Tyrrhenian Sea, Italy). It J Zool 67:287–295

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mistri M, Ceccherelli VU, Rossi R (2000) Taxonomic distinctness and diversity measures: responses in lagoonal macrobenthic communities. It J Zool 67:297–301

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Olsgard F, Somerfield PJ (2000) Surrogates in marine benthic investigations[em]which taxonomic unit to target? J Aq Ecosyst Stress Recov 7:25–42

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pearson TH, Rosenberg R (1978) Macrobenthic succession in relation to organic enrichment and pollution of the marine environment. Oceanogr Mar Biol Annu Rev 16:229–311

    Google Scholar 

  • Reish DJ, Oshida PS, Mearns AJ, Ginn TC, Buchman M (1999) Effects of pollution on marine organisms. Water Environ Res 71:1100–1115

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Roberts DE, Smith A, Ajani P, Davis AR (1998) Rapid changes in encrusting marine assemblages exposed to anthropogenic point-source pollution: a ‘Beyond BACI’ approach. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 163:213–224

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rogers SI, Clarke KR, Reynolds JD (1999) The taxonomic distinctness of coastal-dwelling fish communities of the North-east Atlantic. J Anim Ecol 68:769–782

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Russo AR (1997) Epifauna living on sublittoral seaweeds around Cyprus. Hydrobiologia 344:169–179

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schreider MJ, Glasby TM, Underwood AJ (2003) Effects of height on the shore and complexity of habitat on abundances of amphipods on rocky shores in New South Wales, Australia. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 293:57–71

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Searle SR, Casella G, McCulloch GE (1992) Variance components. Wiley, New York

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Smith A, Ajani PA, Roberts DE (1999) Spatial and temporal variation in fish assemblages exposed to sewage and implications for management. Mar Environ Res 47:241–260

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Somerfield PJ, Olsgard F, Carr MR (1997) A further examination of two new taxonomic distinctness measures. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 154:303–306

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tablado A, Lopez-Gappa JJ, Magaldi NH (1994) Growth of the pulmonate limpet Siphonaria lessoni (Blainville) in a rocky intertidal area affected by sewage pollution. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 175:211–226

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Taylor LR (1961) Aggregation, variance and the mean. Nature 189:732–735

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Terlizzi A, Fraschetti S, Guidetti P, Boero F (2002) The effects of sewage discharge on shallow hard bottom sessile assemblage. Mar Poll Bull 44:542–548

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Terlizzi A, Bevilacqua S, Fraschetti S, Boero F (2003a) Taxonomic sufficiency and the increasing insufficiency of taxonomic expertise. Mar Poll Bull 46:556–561

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Terlizzi A, Scuderi D, Fraschetti S, Guidetti P, Boero F (2003b) Molluscs on subtidal cliffs: patterns of spatial distribution. J Mar Biol Assoc UK 83:165–172

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Terlizzi A, Benedetti-Cecchi L, Bevilacqua S, Fraschetti S, Guidetti P, Anderson MJ (2005) Multivariate and univariate asymmetrical analyses in environmental impact assessment: a case study of Mediterranean subtidal sessile assemblages. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 289:27–42

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Underwood AJ (1991) Beyond BACI: experimental designs for detecting human environmental impacts on temporal variations in natural populations. Aust J Mar Freshw Res 42:569–587

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Underwood AJ (1992) Beyond BACI: the detection of environmental impacts on populations in the real, but variable world. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 161:145–178

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Underwood AJ (1993) The mechanisms of spatially replicated sampling programmes to detect environmental impact in a variable world. Aust J Ecol 18:99–116

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Underwood AJ (1994) On beyond BACI: sampling designs that might reliably detect environmental disturbances. Ecol Appl 4:3–15

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Underwood AJ (1997) Experiments in ecology: their logical design and interpretation using analysis of variances. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge

    Google Scholar 

  • Underwood AJ, Peterson CH (1988) Towards an ecological framework for investigating pollution. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 46:227–234

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Underwood AJ, Chapman MG, Connell SD (2000) Observations in ecology: you can’t make progress on processes without understanding the patterns. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 250:97–115

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Underwood AJ, Chapman MG, Roberts DE (2003) A practical protocol to assess impacts of unplanned disturbance: a case study in Tuggerah Lakes Estuary, NSW. Ecol Manage Restor 4:s4–s11

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Warwick RM (1988) Analysis of community attributes of macrobenthos of Frierfjiord/Langesundfjiord at taxonomic levels higher than species. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 46:167–170

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Warwick RM (1993) Environmental impacts studies on marine communities: pragmatical considerations. Aust J Ecol 18:63–80

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Warwick RM, Clarke KR (1993) Increased variability as a symptom of stress in marine communities. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 172:215–226

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Warwick RM, Clarke KR (1995) New ‘biodiversity’ measures reveal a decrease in taxonomic distinctness with increasing stress. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 129:301–305

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Warwick RM, Clarke KR (1998) Taxonomic distinctness and environmental assessment. J Appl Ecol 35:532–543

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Warwick RM, Light J (2002) Death assemblages of molluscs on St Martin’s flats, Isle of scilly: a surrogate for regional biodiversity? Biod Conserv 11:99–112

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zuskin M, Hohenegger J, Steininger FF (2001) Molluscan assemblages on coral reefs and associated hard substrata in the Northern Red Sea. Coral Reefs 20:107–116

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

Christian Vaglio and Dario Negro greatly assisted in fieldwork. Anna Lucia Delos provided invaluable assistance with the processing of samples and sorting operations. Financial support extended by PEET (Partnerships for Enhancing Expertise in Taxonomy) and MURST (COFIN and FIRB projects). The authors acknowledge the support by the MARBEF Network of Excellence “Marine Biodiversity and Ecosystem Functioning,” which is funded in the Community’s Sixth Framework Programme (contract no. GOCE-CT-2003-505446).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Dipartimento Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche ed Ambientali, Laboratorio Zoologia e Biologia Marina, Universitá di Lecce, CoNISMa, 73100, Lecce, Italy

    A. Terlizzi & S. Fraschetti

  2. Dipartimento di Biologia Animale, Università di Catania, CoNISMa, Via Androne 81, 95124, Catania, Italy

    D. Scuderi

  3. Department of Statistics, Tamaki Campus, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand

    M. J. Anderson

Authors
  1. A. Terlizzi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. D. Scuderi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. S. Fraschetti
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. M. J. Anderson
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to A. Terlizzi.

Additional information

Communicated by R. Cattaneo-Vietti, Genova

Appendix A

Appendix A

Taxonomic list of the species collected

Polyplacophora

Lepidopleurida

Lepidopleuridae

Lepidopleurus (Lepidopleurus) cajetanus (Poli, 1791)

Lepidopleurus (Leptochiton) scabridus (Jeffreys, 1880)

Ischnochitonidae

Ischnochiton (Ischnochiton) rissoi (Payraudeau, 1826)

Callochiton septemvalvis (Montagu, 1803)

Lepidochitonamonterosatoi Kaas and Van Belle, 1981

Chitonidae

Chiton (Rhyssoplax) olivaceus Spengler, 1797

Chiton (Rhyssoplax) phaseolinus Monterosato, 1879

Acanthochitonidae

Acanthochitonacrinitacrinita (Pennant, 1777)

Acanthochitonafascicularis (Linné, 1767)

Gastropoda

Docoglossa

Patellidae

Patellaulyssiponensis Gmelin, 1791

Vetigastropoda

Fissurellidae

Emarginulaoctaviana Coen, 1939

Diodoragibberula (Lamarck, 1822)

Scissurellidae

Scissurellacostata D’Orbigny, 1824

Sinezonacingulata (Costa O.G., 1861)

Haliotidae

Haliotistuberculatatuberculata Linné, 1758

Turbinidae

Tricolia tenuis (Michaud, 1829)

Trochidae

Clanculus (Clanculopsis) cruciatus (Linné, 1758)

Gibbula (Colliculus) racketti (Payraudeau, 1826)

Gibbula (Colliculus) turbinoides (Deshayes, 1835)

Gibbula (Steromphala) divaricata (Linné, 1758)

Gibbula (Tumulus) umbilicarisumbilicaris (Linné, 1758)

Jujubinus exasperatus (Pennant, 1777)

Jujubinus striatus striatus (Linné, 1758)

Calliostomalaugerilaugeri (Payraudeau, 1826)

Neritopsina

Neritidae

Smaragdiaviridis (Linné, 1758)

Caenogastropoda

Cingulopsidae

Eatonina (Coriandria) cossurae (Calcara, 1841)

Eatonina (Coriandria) fulgida (Adams J., 1797)

Rissoidae

Rissoa guerinii Récluz, 1843

Rissoa similis Scacchi, 1836

Rissoa variabilis (von Muehlfeldt, 1824)

Rissoaviolaceaviolacea (Récluz, 1843)

Alvaniacancellata (Da Costa, 1778)

Alvaniacimex (Linné, 1758)

Alvanialactea (Michaud, 1832)

Alvanialineata Risso, 1826

Alvaniapagodula (Bucquoy, Dautzenberg and Dollfus, 1884)

Alvaniaparvula (Jeffreys, 1884)

Alvaniasubcrenulata (Bucquoy, Dautzenberg and Dollfus, 1884)

Crisillasemistriata (Montagu, 1808)

Manzonia crassa (Kanmacher, 1798)

Pusillina philippi (Aradas and Maggiore, 1844)

Setiaamabilis (Locard, 1886)

Setiaturriculata Monterosato, 1884

Rissoinabruguieri (Payraudeau, 1826)

Barleeidae

Barleia unifasciata (Montagu, 1803)

Anabathridae

Nodulus contortus (Jeffreys, 1856)

Caecidae

Caecum trachea (Montagu, 1803)

Cerithiidae

Cerithium rupestre Risso, 1826

Cerithium vulgatum Bruguière, 1792

Bittium latreilli (Payraudeau, 1826)

Bittium reticulatum (Da Costa, 1778)

Vermetidae

Vermetus triquetrus Bivona Ant., 1832

Vermetus (Thylacodus) granulatus (Gravenhorst, 1831)

Dendropomacristatum (Biondi, 1857)

Serpulorbis arenaria (Linné, 1767)

Skeneopsidae

Skeneopsis planorbis (Fabricius, 1780)

Fossaridae

Fossarus ambiguus (Linné, 1758)

Cerithiopsidae

Cerithiopsis fayalensis Watson, 1886

Cerithiopsis minima (Brusina, 1865)

Cerithiopsis nana Jeffreys, 1867

Cerithiopsis tubercularis (Montagu, 1803)

Dizoniopsis coppolae (Aradas, 1870)

Triphoridae

Cheirodonta pallescens (Jeffreys, 1867)

Monophorus perversus (Linné, 1758)

Marshallora adversa (Montagu, 1803)

Metaxia metaxa (Delle Chiaje, 1828)

Epitoniidae

Gyroscalalamellosa (Lamarck, 1822)

Eulimidae

Vitreolinaphilippi (Rayneval and Ponzi, 1854)

Neogastropoda

Muricidae

Hexaplex trunculus (Linné, 1758)

Muricopsis cristata (Brocchi, 1814)

Ocinebrina aciculata (Lamarck, 1822)

Ocinebrina edwardsii (Payraudeau, 1826)

Stramonita haemastoma (Linné, 1766)

Coralliophilidae

Coralliophila meyendorffii (Calcara, 1845)

Buccinidae

Buccinulum corneum (Linné, 1758)

Pisania striata (Gmelin, 1791)

Chauvetia turritellata (Deshayes, 1835)

Engina leucozona (Philippi, 1843)

Pollia dorbignyi (Payraudeau, 1826)

Pollia scacchiana (Philippi, 1844)

Columbellidae

Columbella rustica (Linné, 1758)

Mitrella scripta (Linné, 1758)

Nassariidae

Nassarius (Hima) incrassatus (Stroem, 1768)

Nassarius (Telasco) cuvierii (Payraudeau, 1826)

Fasciolariidae

Fasciolaria lignaria (Linné, 1758)

Cystiscidae

Gibberula miliaria (Linné, 1758)

Gibberula philippi (Monterosato, 1878)

Gibberula recondita Monterosato, 1844

Mitridae

Mitra cornicula (Linné, 1758)

Costellariidae

Vexillum (Pusia) ebenus (Lamarck, 1811)

Vexillum (Pusia) savignyi (Payraudeau, 1826)

Vexillum (Pusia) tricolor (Gmelin, 1791)

Conidae

Mangelia taeniata (Deshayes, 1835)

Mangelia vauquelini (Payraudeau, 1826)

Raphitoma echinata (Brocchi, 1814)

Raphitoma horrida (Monterosato, 1884)

Raphitoma laviae (Philippi, 1844)

Raphitoma linearis (Montagu, 1803)

Raphitoma lineolata (Bucquoy, Dautzenberg and Dollfus, 1883)

Leufroyia concinna (Scacchi, 1836)

Conus mediterraneus Hwass in Bruguière, 1792

Heterostropha

Rissoellidae

Rissoella diaphana (Alder, 1848)

Omalogyridae

Ammonicera fischeriana (Monterosato, 1869)

Pyramidellidae

Eulimella laevis (Blainville, 1827)

Odostomia lukisii Jeffreys, 1859

Odostomia plicata (Montagu, 1803)

Odostomia (Megastomia) conoidea (Brocchi, 1814)

Chrysallida emaciata (Brusina, 1866)

Chrysallida incerta (Milaschewitch, 1916)

Chrysallida juliae (De Folin, 1872)

Folinella excavata (Philippi, 1836)

Odostomella doliolum (Philippi, 1844)

Ondina warreni (Thompson, 1845)

Cephalaspidea

Philinidae

Philine catena (Montagu, 1803)

Aglajidae

Chelidonura italica Sordi, 1980

Bullidae

Bulla striata Bruguière, 1792

Runcinidae

Runcina ferruginea Kress, 1977

Anaspidea

Aplysiidae

Aplysia (Pruvotaplysia) parvula Guilding in Moerch, 1863

Aplysia (Pruvotaplysia) punctata (Cuvier, 1803)

Notaspidea

Pleurobranchidae

Berthella aurantiaca (Risso, 1818)

Nudibranchia

Tritoniidae

Tritonia manicata Deshayes, 1853

Dorididae

Dorididae gen. sp.

Basommatophora

Siphonariidae

Williamia gussoni (Costa, 1829)

Bivalvia

Arcida

Arcidae

Arca noae Linné, 1758

Barbatia barbata (Linné, 1758)

Noetidae

Striarca lactea (Linné, 1758)

Mytilida

Mytilidae

Mytilus galloprovincialis Lamark, 1819

Mytilaster minimus (Poli, 1795)

Modiolus barbatus (Linné, 1758)

Gregariella petagnae (Scacchi, 1832)

Musculus costulatus (Risso, 1826)

Lithophaga lithophaga (Linné, 1758)

Limida

Limidae

Lima (Limaria) hians (Gmelin, 1791)

Lima (Limaria) tuberculata (Olivi, 1792)

Ostreida

Spondylidae

Spondylus gaederopus Linné, 1758

Anomiidae

Anomia ephippium Linné, 1758

Venerida

Lucinidae

Ctena decussata (Costa, 1829)

Lucinella divaricata (Linné, 1758)

Galeommatidae

Galeomma turtoni Turton, 1825

Lasaeidae

Lasaea rubra (Montagu, 1803)

Montacutidae

Mysella bidentata (Montagu, 1803)

Carditidae

Cardita calyculata (Linné, 1758)

Glans trapezia (Linné, 1767)

Chamida

Chamidae

Chama gryphoides Linné, 1758

Cardiidae

Parvicardium scriptum (Bucquoy, Dautzenberg and Dollfus, 1892)

Plagiocardium (Papillocardium) papillosum (Poli, 1795)

Veneridae

Tapes (Ruditapes) decussatus (Linné, 1758)

Irus irus (Linné, 1758)

Petricolidae

Petricola (Lajonkairia) lajonkairii (Payraudeau, 1826)

Myida

Gastrochaenidae

Gastrochaena dubia (Pennant, 1777)

Hiatellidae

Hiatella rugosa (Linné, 1767)

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Terlizzi, A., Scuderi, D., Fraschetti, S. et al. Quantifying effects of pollution on biodiversity: a case study of highly diverse molluscan assemblages in the Mediterranean. Marine Biology 148, 293–305 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00227-005-0080-8

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00227-005-0080-8

Keywords

Search

Navigation